Environmental Tests for Connectors and Contact Materials: An Evaluation of a Method Involving Sulfur Dioxide

Antler, M.; Dunbar, J.

doi:10.1109/tchmt.1978.1135252

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The corrosion of copper can be fitted to a parabolic growth rate (11) x2 = kt [3] where k = parabolic rate constant, x --thickness, and t = time. From the experimental curve 1 in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atmospheric Corrosion of Silver, Copper, and Nickel—Environmental Test

Sharma

1978

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The corrosion growth kinetics for Cu, Ni, and Ag in an air-conditioned telephone office and a nonair-conditioned telephone office basement have been obtained by measuring the film thicknesses on coupons exposed for various times. The film constituents and thicknesses on these materials were obtained by AES and cathodic reduction. Over a two year period, Ag tarnishes linearly and the major film constituents are sulfur and chlorine. Copper and nickel corrosion data have been fitted to parabolic growth rate kinetics and the film thicknesses have been extrapolated to 40 years. The major film constituents on Cu and Ni are oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur. The film constituents and thicknesses have also been obtained by exposing the same materials in the One Year environmental test. The constituents are similar to the films grown in the field. Acceleration factors for the One Year test for these materials have been derived by comparing film thicknesses to those developed in the field. It is concluded that the One Year test is a suitable test for Cu and Ni but not for Ag. * Electrochemical Society Active Member.

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“…The corrosion of copper can be fitted to a parabolic growth rate (11) x2 = kt [3] where k = parabolic rate constant, x --thickness, and t = time. From the experimental curve 1 in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coupons were cleaned according to procedures outlined in Ref. (3) prior to installation in the field and the test chamber. December I978…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Corrosion of Silver, Copper, and Nickel—Environmental Test

Sharma

1978

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The need for developing new materials and designs for electric contacts and connectors has resulted in the search for accelerated corrosion tests aimed at predicting the lifetimes of electronic components under service conditions. From the complexity of environmental composition and from the specific reactivity of different metals to different pollutants in the field environment, it has become evident that earlier developed tests, consisting of single-component, high concentration (> 10 ppm) gas mixtures, in many cases represent oversimplified and at the same time overly severe conditions for electronic components that will operate in relatively benign indoor environments (1)(2)(3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Laboratory Tests to Simulate Indoor Corrosion of Electrical Contact Materials

Zakipour¹,

Leygraf²

1986

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The complexity of simulating indoor corrosion conditions has been elucidated by investigating a series of representative laboratory corrosion tests for electrical contact materials. The chemical composition of corrosion products formed during laboratory exposures of Cu substrates and Ni‐, Au‐ and Sn‐electroplated samples has been analyzed by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and compared with results after field exposures in three telephone central offices. None of the evaluated laboratory tests is able to reproduce fully the corrosion products formed during actual field tests. The greatest similarities in chemical composition have been achieved in a laboratory atmosphere containing SO2 (0.25 ppm) and NO2 (1.8 ppm) which is able to produce several major phases also identified after field exposures in the telephone central offices. The results indicate that further improvement in similarities may be obtained by using a lower level of SO2 than was used in this work, and by introducing NH3 as a possible additional pollutant which may partly replace NO2 . The conclusions drawn from this work are restricted to environments similar to those found at present field sites.

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“…In some environments the substrate can tarnish or corrode at pore sites and can produce localized areas of insulating films which cause contact resistance to increase. Porosity is less important for connectors that operate indoors at moderate to low relative humidities and in the absence of corrosive pollutants (15).…”

Section: Noble Metal Electroplatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include elevated relative humidity exposure, cycling temperature-humidity procedures, and aging in chambers containing gaseous pollutants. The International Electrotechnical Commission has published a standard method for testing connectors which involves exposing the connectors for 4, 10, or 21 days in a chamber to a flowing stream of air containing 25 ppm of SO 2 at 75% rh and 25 • C (15). Tests such as these, which are based on single corrosive gases, are being replaced by procedures that involve mixtures of three or four gaseous pollutants, eg, Cl 2 , H 2 S, NO 2 , and SO 2 , each at fractional ppm levels (35).…”

Section: Chemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Connectors

Antler

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Electrical connectors are mechanical devices that connect wires, cables, printed circuit boards, and electronic components to each other and to related equipment. Connector designs include miniature units for microelectronic applications; specialized cable; rack and panel designs for incorporating combinations of a-c, d-c, and radio-frequency conducting contacts; and high current connectors for industrial application and for transmission and distribution of electrical power in overhead and underground networks. Further categorization of connectors can be made according to: application, whether connectors permanently join conductors and components or permit separation and rejoining; the means used to effect connection, whether by fusion (welding, soldering) or by pressure, the values of which can be small or great enough to severely deform metal; the distribution type, whether of power or of low (signal) levels of current; and the conductor size. The term electrical contact describes the junction between two or more current-carrying members that provide electrical continuity at their interfaces. Connector contacts ordinarily remain stationary in active circuits, eg, they are not mated or separated. Components having electrical contacts other than connectors include circuit breakers, switches, relays, and contactors that are designed to interrupt or to establish current flow in active circuits, and slip rings and brushes that transmit current from a stationary to a moving frame of reference.Many connectors for single conductors have an insulating sleeve, and almost all connectors that join two or more conductors have a plastic body, or dielectric, which separates the contact elements (see Insulation, electric). Metal or plastic shells with mechanical aids, such as screws, levers, and other coupling devices to facilitate joining and separation of the contacts, also may surround a connector. The shell may have mounting features for securing the connector to a chassis, supports for the wires and cables, and polarizing keys for prevention of improper mating.

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Environmental Tests for Connectors and Contact Materials: An Evaluation of a Method Involving Sulfur Dioxide

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

Atmospheric Corrosion of Silver, Copper, and Nickel—Environmental Test

Atmospheric Corrosion of Silver, Copper, and Nickel—Environmental Test

Evaluation of Laboratory Tests to Simulate Indoor Corrosion of Electrical Contact Materials

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