ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE:Health Effects and Policies to Reduce Exposure

Brownson, Ross C.; Eriksen, Michael P.; Davis, Ronald M.; Warner, Kenneth E.

doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.163

Cited by 126 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Evidence from other countries indicates that smoking restrictions are effective measures to protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke (10,11), and are associated with reduced smoking rates (12,13). Hence, the prevalence of formal and informal smoke-free policies represents an im- In addition, the difference in the prevalence of home vs. workplace policies, in conjunction with lower rates of passive smoking in the home compared to the workplace, suggests the effectiveness of smoking restrictions in reducing exposure to secondhand smoke as well as the potential impact of stronger enforcement of existing workplace legislation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, and smoking restrictions in Tijuana, Mexico

Martínez-Donate¹,

Hovell²,

Hofstetter³

et al. 2005

Rev Panam Salud Publica

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Smoking, tobacco smoke pollution, environmental exposure, family health, health policy, Mexico. ABSTRACTSmoking and passive smoking represent leading public health problems in Mexico (1-3). Over the last decade, Mexico has developed tobacco control measures to curb the tobacco epidemic, including laws to protect nonsmokers from passive smoking (1, 4). These measures should be complemented with surveillance of key tobacco control outcomes, such as the prevalences of such things as smoking, passive smoking, smoke-free policies; societal sentiments against smoking; and physician advice related to smoking cessation and the avoidance of secondhand smoke. The last Mexican national surveys on passive smoking (2) and on tobacco use (3) date from 1998 and 2000, respectively. To our knowl-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, and smoking restrictions in Tijuana, Mexico

Martínez-Donate¹,

Hovell²,

Hofstetter³

et al. 2005

Rev Panam Salud Publica

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“…It is not just government that is regulating tobacco behavior. Private industry is also involved in tightening restrictions on work-place smoking (Brownson, Eriksen, Davis and Warner 1997) and restrictions on smoking within households are also increasing (US Department of Health and Human Services 1999). We hypothesize that smokers and former smokers who have greater exposure to (and awareness of) smoke free air laws will be more likely to perceive smokerrelated stigma.…”

Section: Policy and Stigmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status

Stuber

Galea

Link

2008

Social Science & Medicine

362

334

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An increase in the social unacceptability of smoking has dramatically decreased tobacco use in the USA. However, how policies (e.g., smoke free air laws) and social factors (e.g., social norms) drive the social unacceptability of tobacco use are not well understood. New research suggests that the stigmatization of smokers is an unrecognized force in the tobacco epidemic and could be one such mechanism. Thus, it is important to investigate the sources of smoker-related stigmatization as perceived by current and former smokers. In this study we draw on the broader literature about stigma formation in the context of the tobacco epidemic and examine the role of attribution, fear, tobacco control policies, power and social norms in the formation of smoker-related stigma. We test hypotheses about the determinants of stigma using a population-based sample of 816 current and former smokers in New York City. The results show that perceptions of individual attributions for smoking behavior and fear about the health consequences of second hand smoke are important influences on smoker-related stigmatization. Structural forms of discrimination perpetrated against smokers and former smokers (e.g., company policies against hiring smokers) are also related to smoker-related stigma. Respondents with more education perceive more smoker-related stigma than respondents with less education and, Black and Latino respondents perceive less smokerrelated stigma than White respondents. Social norms, specifically family and friends' expressed disapproval of smoking, contribute to the formation of smoker-related stigma. These findings suggest important points of leverage to harness the powerful role of stigma in the smoking epidemic and raise concerns about the possible role of stigma in the production of smoking disparities.

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“…The three criticisms most commonly raised concern publication bias, confounding, and misclassification of exposure (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39). These concerns have been responded to extensively in the scientific literature (1,(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46) and in regulatory hearings (2). It is nevertheless important to discuss these issues systematically in the context of all currently available studies.…”

Section: Criticisms Of the Epidemiologic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic Studies of Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease and ETS Exposure from Spousal Smoking

Thun¹,

Henley²,

Apicella³

1999

Environmental Health Perspectives

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This article reviews the epidemiologic studies of the association of ischemic heart disease risk and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure from a spouse who smokes. Seventeen studies (nine cohort, eight case-control) comprising more than 485,000 lifelong nonsmokers and 7,345 coronary heart disease (CHD) events were included in a meta-analysis. Together, these studies include 36% more CHD events and 58% more study subjects than were available for review by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 1994. The relative risk (RR) for fatal or nonfatal coronary events among never smokers married to smokers, compared to those whose spouses did not smoke, was RR = 1.25 (95% confidence interval [95% Cl], 1.17-1.33) across the combined studies. This association was statistically similar in men (RR = 1.24; 95% Cl, 1.15-1.32) and women (RR = 1.23; 95% Cl, 1.15-1.32); in studies of cohort (RR = 1.23; 95% Cl, 1.15-1.31) and case-control (RR = 1.47; 95% Cl, 1.19-1.81) design; in the United States (RR =1.22; 95% Cl, 1.13-1.30) and other countries (RR = 1.41; 95% Cl, 1.21-1.65); and in studies of fatal (RR = 1.22; 95% Cl, 1.14-1.30) and nonfatal (RR = 1.32; 95% Cl, 1.04-1.67) heart disease. In three studies that presented data separately for nonsmokers married to current or former smokers, the association was stronger when the spouses continued to smoke (RR = 1.16, 1.06-1.28) than with former smokers (RR = 0.98; 95% Cl, 0.89-1.08). The aggregate data are unlikely to be attributable to chance, publication bias, confounding, or misclassification of exposure. The evidence linking heart disease and ETS exposure from a spouse has become substantially stronger since OSHA first proposed including heart disease in its risk assessment of ETS in 1994. Key words: environmental tobacco smoke, heart disease. -Environ Health Perspect 107(suppl 6):841-846 (1999). http.//ehpnetl.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1999/suppl6/84 1-846thun/abstract. html

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ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE:Health Effects and Policies to Reduce Exposure

Cited by 126 publications

References 84 publications

Smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, and smoking restrictions in Tijuana, Mexico

Smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, and smoking restrictions in Tijuana, Mexico

Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status

Epidemiologic Studies of Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease and ETS Exposure from Spousal Smoking

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