Environmental toxicology of bisphenol A: Mechanistic insights and clinical implications on the neuroendocrine system

Bisphenol A—What Do We Know? A Global or Local Approach at the Public Health Risk Level

“…Evidently, a number of studies suggest that BPA has toxic effects and its half-life in the body is less than 6 h. Meanwhile, its variant (isotopic BPA-d16) derived from diet is eliminated in the urine in up to 24 h, is absorbed through the skin, and persists for up to a week [ 10 , 13 , 31 , 32 ]. Typically, BPA concentrations in the blood range from 0.2 to 20.0 ng/mL [ 9 , 33 ]. The main route of exposure is through diet.…”

“…Bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to be associated with estrogenicity and endocrine-disrupting properties, has adverse neuropsychiatric effects and may be involved in the formation of NETs; it may be indirectly involved in miscarriage, cardiovascular disease, especially hypertension, reduced heart rate variability, diabetes, obesity, eye disease, allergic skin reactions, respiratory irritation, acute/chronic kidney disease, and liver disease ( Figure 1 ). However, the effects of BPA depend on the dose, the sex of the patient, the tissue and developmental stage of the exposed tissue/organ, and the time of exposure [ 14 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”

“…BPA exposure in pregnant women can also be followed by low birth weight, problematic prosocial behavior, anxious and depressive behavior, numerous sleep-related problems, the very development of language in offspring, emotional control and inhibition, or aggressive behavior syndromes, among others [ 66 , 71 , 72 ]. BPA, by interfering with oxidative stress and affecting mitochondrial dysfunction, is likely a risk factor for autism [ 13 ], impaired memory function or short-term memory difficulties [ 33 ], and attention problems [ 66 ]. It can interfere with normal brain development and later behavioral patterns related to social and non-social behavior, persisting into adulthood [ 66 , 73 ].…”

“…By affecting thyroid development, BPA interferes with the whole thyroid system on many levels, such as acting as an antagonist of thyroid receptors in the cell membrane, or simply affecting the expression of thyroid hormone-related genes [ 9 ]. Undeniably, BPA exerts diverse and adverse endocrine effects on human physiology by binding to aryl hydrocarbon receptors [ 33 , 74 ]. Constant exposure to this xenoestrogen has deleterious effects on neurons, affecting their number and function [ 9 , 33 ].…”

“…Undeniably, BPA exerts diverse and adverse endocrine effects on human physiology by binding to aryl hydrocarbon receptors [ 33 , 74 ]. Constant exposure to this xenoestrogen has deleterious effects on neurons, affecting their number and function [ 9 , 33 ].…”