Environmental trade-offs and externalities of electrochemical-based batteries: Quantitative analysis between lithium-ion and vanadium redox flow units

Tsai, Wen-Shuo; Huang, Chihchi; Huang, Chien‐Chung; Yang, Chang-Chung; Lee, Mengshan

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116807

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…A battery unit has four primary parts: the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator. The most active elements for the cathode and anode in the lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) battery are therefore lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide and graphene [49]. Using a Ni:Mn:Co molar ratio of 2:2:1, the NCM cathode and a graphite anode makes up the current making of LIBs [50], which are most readily available in the market for energy storage industries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nickel and cobalt sulfate, used as cathode compounds, contribute to photochemical ozone generation [51], which can damage humans and the environment. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder and aluminum current collectors in the cathode contribute to GWP, whereas the extraction and manufacture of nickel and cobalt salts drive AP and ODP impacts [49]. Due to a high energy need, the production of aluminum has a significant influence on the global warming potential [52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward Zero Emission Construction: A Comparative Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Diesel, Hybrid, and Electric Excavators

Khan,

Huang

2023

Energies

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Due to an extensive usage of heavy machinery, the construction sector is criticized as one of the major CO2 emitters. To address climate concerns, mitigating these greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is important. This study aimed to strategize for “zero emission construction” by assessing the life cycle environmental impacts of diesel, electric, and hybrid construction machinery. By applying life cycle assessment (LCA) principles with adherence to ISO 14040/44 methodologies, this study scrutinizes the environmental repercussions of a standard excavator over 9200 effective operational hours, from raw material acquisition to end-of-life disposal. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), and acidification potential (AP) in transitioning from diesel to hybrid and fully electric machines. A nominal increase due to this shift also occurred and impacted categories such as human carcinogenic toxicity (HT), freshwater eutrophication (EP), and marine ecotoxicity (ME); however, a more significant upsurge was noted in terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE) due to battery production. Thus, this study highlights the need for a careful management of environmental trade-offs in the shift toward electrified machinery and the importance of centering on the environmental profile of the battery. Future work should focus on enhancing the environmental profile of battery production and disposal, with policy decisions encouraging holistic sustainability based on green energies in construction projects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%