Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Campos, Carlos; Lees, David N.

doi:10.1128/aem.04188-13

Cited by 99 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…The high prevalence of NoV GII in individuals might be attributed to frequent social activities, and NoV GII is one of the most important food borne pathogen and exists widely in foods (such as shellfish, vegetables and water, et al). These foods contaminated with NoV GII were primary reasons to lead sporadic and outbreak acute diarrhea [42–45]. The detection rate of NoV GII in our study was lower than that of in other study [46, 47].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Case–control study of diarrheal disease etiology in individuals over 5 years in southwest China

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2016

Gut Pathog

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BackgroundAcute diarrhea is one of the major public health problems worldwide. Most of studies on acute diarrhea have been made on infants aged below 5 years and few efforts have been made to identify the etiological agents of acute diarrhea in people over five, especially in China.Methods271 diarrhea cases and 149 healthy controls over 5 years were recruited from four participating hospitals between June 2014 and July 2015. Each stool specimen was collected to detect a series of enteric pathogens, involving five viruses (Rotavirus group A, RVA; Norovirus, NoV; Sapovirus, SaV; Astrovirus, As; and Adenovirus, Ad), seven bacteria (diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, DEC; non-typhoidal Salmonella, NTS; Shigella spp.; Vibrio cholera; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Aeromonas spp.; and Plesiomonas spp.) and three protozoa (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia lamblia, G. lamblia, and Blastocystis hominis, B. hominis). Standard microbiological and molecular methods were applied to detect these pathogens. Data was analyzed using Chi square, Fisher-exact tests and logistic regressions.ResultsThe prevalence of at least one enteric pathogen was detected in 29.2% (79/271) acute diarrhea cases and in 12.1% (18/149) in healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Enteric viral infections (14.4%) were the most common in patients suffering from acute diarrhea, followed by bacteria (13.7%) and intestinal protozoa (4.8%). DEC (12.5%) was the most common causative agent in diarrhea cases, followed by NoV GII (10.0%), RVA (7.4%) and B. hominis (4.8%). The prevalence of co-infection was statistically higher (p = 0.0059) in the case group (7.7%) than in the healthy control (1.3%). RVA–NoV GII (3.0%) was the most common co-infection in symptomatic cases.ConclusionsDEC was the most predominant pathogen in diarrhea cases, but it was largely overlooked because the lack of laboratory capacities. Because of the high prevalence of co-infections, it is recommended the urgent development of alternative laboratory methods to assess polymicrobial infections. Such methodological improvements will result in a better prevention and treatment strategies to control diarrhea illness in China.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-016-0141-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Case–control study of diarrheal disease etiology in individuals over 5 years in southwest China

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2016

Gut Pathog

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“…NoVs of human origin are excreted in large quantities by ill people, but they may also be present in asymptomatic, healthy individuals (7). As a consequence, they are discharged in large numbers into sewage, and due to their resistance to inactivation, they are frequently detected in wastewater treatment plant effluent and in surface waters (8)(9)(10). Sewage treatment which incorporates new technologies, such as membrane filtration, contributes to decreasing the numbers of microorganisms discharged into the coastal environment (11,12), but this does not prevent accidental contamination.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tulane Virus as a Potential Surrogate To Mimic Norovirus Behavior in Oysters

Drouaz

Schaeffer

Farkas

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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cOyster contamination by noroviruses is an important health and economic problem. The present study aimed to compare the behaviors of Norwalk virus (the prototype genogroup I norovirus) and two culturable viruses: Tulane virus and mengovirus. After bioaccumulation, tissue distributions were quite similar for Norwalk virus and Tulane virus, with the majority of viral particles detected in digestive tissues, while mengovirus was detected in large amounts in the gills and mantle as well as in digestive tissues. The levels of persistence of all three viruses over 8 days were comparable, but clear differences were observed over longer periods, with Norwalk and Tulane viruses displaying rather similar half-lives, unlike mengovirus, which was cleared more rapidly. These results indicate that Tulane virus may be a good surrogate for studying norovirus behavior in oysters, and they confirm the prolonged persistence of Norwalk virus in oyster tissues. Shellfish are filter feeders that can accumulate different types of pathogens from human fecal pollution and were identified as vectors for human enteric pathogen transmission more than a century ago. We have known for almost 40 years that bacteria and viruses show differences in terms of concentration and accumulation in and depuration from contaminated shellfish (1). Nowadays the problem of viral contamination has become dominant, and over the last 10 years about 40% of RASFF (Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed) notifications are related to the detection of norovirus (NoV) in oysters (2). Improvements in detection methods, increased epidemiological surveillance, and efforts by authorities to improve the quality of products put on the market have contributed to better recognition of viral contamination. These improvements have assisted in identifying that increases in human populations in coastal areas, as well as climate change, inducing heavy rainfall and associated sewage overflows, constitute risk factors for shellfish contamination (3, 4).Among human enteric viruses, NoVs are recognized as the leading cause of epidemics and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in all age groups of humans (5, 6). NoVs of human origin are excreted in large quantities by ill people, but they may also be present in asymptomatic, healthy individuals (7). As a consequence, they are discharged in large numbers into sewage, and due to their resistance to inactivation, they are frequently detected in wastewater treatment plant effluent and in surface waters (8-10). Sewage treatment which incorporates new technologies, such as membrane filtration, contributes to decreasing the numbers of microorganisms discharged into the coastal environment (11, 12), but this does not prevent accidental contamination. Depuration of shellfish, which was developed to eliminate bacteria, does not efficiently eliminate viruses that persist for several weeks or months in bivalve tissues (13,14). As a consequence, in most cases of contamination, the only risk management option to prevent consumer infections is the clo...

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“…In the United States, Vibrio-related incidents cost the economy more than any other seafood-acquired pathogen and these incurred costs have increased dramatically in recent years (Ralston et al 2011). In contrast, Norovirus, another major cause of shellfish-acquired gastroenteritis, occurs most frequently in winter and following periods of high precipitation and hence is associated with flash-flooding and runoff from sewers (Campos and Lees 2014). Future projections of precipitation (rain and snowfall) and river run-off for catchments surrounding the North Sea suggest that intense rainfall and hence extreme river flows will occur more often in the future, particularly during winter, and so considerable changes could be anticipated in the epidemiology and proliferation of marine pathogensand therefore exposure risk for European citizens consuming seafood .…”

Section: Pathogens Pests and Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-economic Impacts—Fisheries

Pinnegar

Engelhard

Jones

et al. 2016

North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment

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Fishers and scientists have known for over 100 years that the status of fish stocks can be greatly influenced by prevailing climatic conditions. Based on historical sea surface temperature data, the North Sea has been identified as one of 20 'hot spots' of climate change globally and projections for the next 100 years suggest that the region will continue to warm. The consequences of this rapid temperature rise are already being seen in shifts in species distribution and variability in stock recruitment. This chapter reviews current evidence for climate change effects on fisheries in the North Sea-one of the most important fishing grounds in the world-as well as available projections for North Sea fisheries in the future. Discussion focuses on biological, operational and wider market concerns, as well as on possible economic consequences. It is clear that fish communities and the fisheries that target them will be very different in 50 or 100 years' time and that management and governance will need to adapt accordingly. IntroductionThe North Sea remains one of the world's most important fishing grounds. In 2013, around 3.5 million tonnes of fish and shellfish were taken from the region (2.6 million tonnes by EU countries), approximately 55 % of the total for EU countries as a whole. European fisheries are very diverse, ranging from highly industrialised distant-water fisheries to small-scale artisanal fisheries that typically operate near the coast. EU citizens consume large quantities of seafood each year (currently around 23.3 kg on average per person), and rely on fisheries for health and well-being, as well as for supporting more than 120,000 jobs directly and a further 115,000 in fish processing (STECF 2013). There has been

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Environmental Transmission of Human Noroviruses in Shellfish Waters

Cited by 99 publications

References 114 publications

Case–control study of diarrheal disease etiology in individuals over 5 years in southwest China

Case–control study of diarrheal disease etiology in individuals over 5 years in southwest China

Tulane Virus as a Potential Surrogate To Mimic Norovirus Behavior in Oysters

Socio-economic Impacts—Fisheries

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