Environmentally Acceptable Endpoints for PAHs at a Manufactured Gas Plant Site

Stroo, Hans F.; Jensen, R. E.; Loehr, Raymond C.; Nakles, David V.; Fairbrother, and Anne; Liban, Cris B.

doi:10.1021/es990623g

Cited by 77 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The environmental release of TPHs into soils is known to occur through several ways: pipeline blow-outs, waste dumping, disposal after drilling oil and gas wells, road accidents, leakage in underground storage tanks, or uncontrolled landfill activities among others (Chaineau et al 2003). Once in soils and depending on the solubility and hydrophobicity of hydrocarbon fractions, TPHs can reach the water compartment through leaching (Stroo et al 2000). Furthermore, highly-mobile TPHs might reach ground waters and become more toxic to soil organisms (Cvancarova et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioassays with terrestrial and aquatic species as monitoring tools of hydrocarbon degradation

Bori¹,

Vallès²,

Ortega³

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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In this study chemical analyses and ecotoxicity tests were applied for the assessment of a heavily hydrocarbon-contaminated soil prior and after the application of a remediation procedure that consisted in the stimulation of soil autochthonous populations of hydrocarbon degraders in staticventilated biopiles. Terrestrial bioassays were applied in mixtures of test soils and artificial control soil and studied the survival and reproduction of Eisenia fetida and the avoidance response of E. fetida and Folsomia candida. Effects on aquatic organisms were studied by means of acute tests with Vibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata and Daphnia magna performed on aqueous elutriates from test soils. The bioremediation procedure led to a significant reduction in the concentration of hydrocarbons (from 34264 mg kg -1 to 3074 mg kg -1 i.e. 91% decrease) and toxicity although bioassays were not able to report a percentage decrease of toxicity as high as the percentage reduction. Sublethal tests proved the most sensitive terrestrial bioassays and avoidance tests with earthworms and springtails showed potential as monitoring tools of hydrocarbon remediation due to their high sensitivity and short duration. The concentrations of hydrocarbons in water extracts from test soils were 130 µg L -1 and 100 µg L -1 before and after remediation, respectively. Similarly to terrestrial tests, most aquatic bioassays detected a significant reduction in toxicity, which was almost negligible at the end of the treatment. D. magna survival was the most affected by soil elutriates although toxicity to the crustacean was associated to the salinity of the samples rather than to the concentration of hydrocarbons. Ecotoxicity tests with aqueous soil elutriates proved less relevant in the assessment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils due to the low hydrosolubility of hydrocarbons and the influence of the physicochemical parameters of the aquatic medium.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioassays with terrestrial and aquatic species as monitoring tools of hydrocarbon degradation

Bori¹,

Vallès²,

Ortega³

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Biological techniques involve measuring substrate uptake, mineralization, or toxicity Stroo et al, 2000;Braida et al, 2004). Chemical techniques involve nonexhaustive extraction with ''mild'' solvents (Hatzinger and Alexander, 1995;Breedveld and Karlsen, 2000;Reid et al, 2000;Liste and Alexander, 2002) and solid-phase extraction (ten Hulscher et al, 2003;Lei et al, 2004;GomezEyles et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability of (Geno)toxic Contaminants in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon–Contaminated Soil Before and After Biological Treatment

Adrion

Nakamura

et al. 2014

Environmental Engineering Science

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Contaminated soil from a former manufactured-gas plant site was treated in a laboratory-scale bioreactor. Desorbability and biodegradability of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 4 oxygenated PAHs (oxyPAHs) were investigated throughout a treatment cycle. Desorbability was determined using a mixed-function sorbent (Oasis Ò HLB) or a hydrophobic sorbent (Tenax Ò ) in dialysis tubing suspended in the soil slurry. Toxicity and genotoxicity of the whole soil and the desorbable fractions were determined by DNA damage response analysis with the chicken DT40 B-lymphocyte isogenic cell line and its DNA repair-deficient mutant Rad54 -/ -. Biological treatment significantly removed both PAHs and oxy-PAHs, and their desorbability decreased throughout the bioreactor treatment cycle. Collectively, oxy-PAHs were more desorbable and biodegradable than the corresponding PAHs; for example, the oxy-PAH present at the highest concentration, 9,10-anthraquinone, was more desorbable and biodegradable than anthracene. For both PAHs and oxy-PAHs, the percentage removed in the bioreactor significantly exceeded the percentage desorbed from untreated soil, indicating that desorption did not control the extent of biodegradation. Consistent with previous results on the same soil, genotoxicity of the whole soil slightly increased after biological treatment. However, both toxicity and genotoxicity of the desorbable constituents in the soil decreased after treatment, suggesting that any genotoxic constituents that may have formed during treatment were primarily associated with less accessible domains in the soil.

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“…The Excel "Solver" regression routine was used to fit release data to eq 1. The parameters of fit were F, k1, and k2 as previously described (5,40,41). The SFE data were analyzed using the same empirical two-site model described in the water/XAD2 extraction section, except that the units of time were minutes rather than days.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As indicated for day 343 (Figure 5a), F values from both 41. c nd, not determined because of chromatographic interferences or because PAH concentrations were below reliable quantitation limits.…”

Section: Pah Desorption With Water and Sfementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The need to understand the uptake and release of persistent organic pollutants has led to various laboratory approaches for determining the degree of "availability" (whether to water or to biological systems) of organics on soils and sediments. Tests include long-term (several months) water rate-of-release studies (34)(35)(36), biological availability assays such as earthworm uptake (37), to chemical assays including solid-phase extraction (37,38), organic solvent extraction with mild solvents (37,39,40), dialysis (41), and pyrolysis (42). For the purpose of assessing the risk associated with a chemical in soil or sediment, it would be useful to have a rapid laboratory test capable of predicting the fraction of chemicals that are "available" for biological uptake, treatment, and water transport.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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JV Task 92 - Alcoa/Retec SFE and SPME

Hawthorne¹

2009

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This report summarizes the work performed by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) under the U.S. Department of Energy Jointly Sponsored Research Program JV Task 92, which is a continuation of JV9. Successful studies performed in 1999 through the end of 2008 demonstrated the potential for using selective supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method for measuring sediment pore water polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to mimic the bioavailability of PAHs from manufactured gas plant and aluminum smelter soils and sediments both in freshwater and saltwater locations. The studies that the EERC has performed with the commercial partners have continued to generate increased interest in both the regulatory communities and in the industries that have historically produced or utilized coal tar products. Both ASTM International and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have accepted the pore water method developed at the EERC as standard methods. The studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of our techniques in predicting bioavailability of PAHs from ca. 250 impacted and background field sediments and soils. The field demonstrations from the final years of the project continued to build the foundation data for acceptance of our methods by the regulatory communities. The JV92 studies provide the single largest database in the world that includes measures of PAH bioavailability along with biological end points. These studies clearly demonstrated that present regulatory paradigms based on equilibrium partitioning greatly overpredict bioavailability. These investigations also laid the foundation for present (non-JV) studies being applied to PAHs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at EPA Superfund sites, investigations into PAH and PCB bioavailability at U.S Department of Defense sites, and the application of the techniques to investigating the bioavailability of chlorinated dioxins and furans from impacted sediments.

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Environmentally Acceptable Endpoints for PAHs at a Manufactured Gas Plant Site

Cited by 77 publications

References 17 publications

Bioassays with terrestrial and aquatic species as monitoring tools of hydrocarbon degradation

Bioassays with terrestrial and aquatic species as monitoring tools of hydrocarbon degradation

Bioavailability of (Geno)toxic Contaminants in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon–Contaminated Soil Before and After Biological Treatment

JV Task 92 - Alcoa/Retec SFE and SPME

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