Environmentally benign hydrocarbon processing applications of single and integrated permreactors

Biomass reforming process for integrated solid oxide-fuel cell power generation

“…The rest of the variables in Eqs. (4)-(6) above are well-known and have been defined in earlier reports (Vasileiadis, 1994(Vasileiadis, , 2003Vasileiadis and Ziaka, 2000a;Ziaka and Vasileiadis, 2002).…”

“…The process of reforming methane or higher hydrocarbons with steam or carbon dioxide is a key catalysis route for producing high quality hydrogen or synthesis gas in an economical way (Richardson and Paripatyadar, 1990;Rostrup-Nielsen, 1974, 1984Vasileiadis, 1994;Vasileiadis and Ziaka, 2000a;Ziaka and Vasileiadis, 2000). Synthesis gas contains hydrogen mixed with carbon monoxide and possibly carbon dioxide as well.…”

“…The reaction rate expressions with associated kinetic and adsorption constants have been analyzed extensively in previous reports (Vasileiadis, 1994(Vasileiadis, , 2003Vasileiadis and Ziaka, 2000a). In the above equations r 1 is the inner reactor tube diameter with r 2 = r 1 + t, with t to be the membrane thickness.…”

“…In previous communications we described and analyzed catalytic reactors/processors for steam reforming of purified methane, natural gas, and coal gas for the production of hydrogen and usage in fuel cells such as in high temperature SOFC and MCFC units (Vasileiadis, 1994(Vasileiadis, , 2003Vasileiadis and Ziaka, 1999, 2000a,b, 2002Ziaka and Vasileiadis, 1996, 2000.…”

“…Use of a permreactor creates a two outlet reaction system which carries synthesis gas in the downstream at different compositions (Vasileiadis, 2003;Vasileiadis and Ziaka, 1999, 2000bZiaka and Vasileiadis, 2002). The permeate stream is richer in hydrogen and less in carbon oxides by use of hydrogen selective and permeable membranes such as microporous inorganics (e.g., various types of alumina, titania, zirconia) or metal alloys (e.g., Pd/Ag, Pd/Cu, Pd/Cr).…”