“…ECD&M is a systems-level approach to product and process design where environmental attributes are treated as primary objectives or opportunities, rather than simple constraints, emphasizing the legitimacy of environmental objectives as consistent with the overall requirements of product quality and economy (US Congress 1992). It involves the planning, development and implementation of manufacturing processes and technologies that minimize or eliminate hazardous waste, reduce scrap, are operationally safer, and can design products that are recyclable, or that can be remanufactured or reused (Weissman and Sekutowski 1991). Given the environmental objectives that drive ECD&M, new design and analysis methods such as design for environment (DfE), life cycle analysis (LCA) and environmental management systems (EMS) have gained much interest from the industry and academia alike.…”