Environmentally-friendly oxygen-free roasting/wet magnetic separation technology for in situ recycling cobalt, lithium carbonate and graphite from spent LiCoO 2 /graphite lithium batteries

Li, Jia; Wang, Guangxu; Xu, Zhenming

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.050

Cited by 459 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

185

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Simultaneously, LiMn 2 O 4 presents an irreversible loss of capacity during operation due to the dissolution of Mn ions into the electrolyte [45,54]. As LIB chemistries become more specialized, they include a larger amount of elements, increasing the cost of recycling [15,18,[55][56][57]. The wide variety of mixed LIB chemistries reaching recycling streams is already generating further challenges in recycling processes [18].…”

Section: Compound Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices, powering electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles alike. However, there is a remarkable difference between their rate of production and rate of recycling. At the end of their lifecycle, only a limited number of LIBs undergo any recycling treatment, with the majority go to landfills or being hoarded in households. Further losses of LIB components occur because the the state-of-the-art LIB recycling processes are limited to components with high economic value, e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, and Al. With the increasing popularity of concepts such as “circular economy” (CE), new LIB recycling systems have been proposed that target a wider spectrum of compounds, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with LIB production. This review work presents a discussion of the current practices and some of the most promising emerging technologies for recycling LIBs. While other authoritative reviews have focused on the description of recycling processes, the aim of the present was is to offer an analysis of recycling technologies from a CE perspective. Consequently, the discussion is based on the ability of each technology to recover every component in LIBs. The gathered data depicted a direct relationship between process complexity and the variety and usability of the recovered fractions. Indeed, only processes employing a combination of mechanical processing, and hydro- and pyrometallurgical steps seemed able to obtain materials suitable for LIB (re)manufacture. On the other hand, processes relying on pyrometallurgical steps are robust, but only capable of recovering metallic components.

show abstract

Section: Compound Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…H 2 O 2 ) to convert Co 3+ to Co 2+ [9,10,32]. Moreover, the pyrometallurgy equipment is highly expensive, with reaction temperatures generally above 700-1000 • C, resulting in a large consumption of energy [6,33]. In comparison, the subcritical co-treatment did not require other reagents other than the waste PVC, and used a temperature of only 350 • C. Furthermore, the waste PVC has the extra benefit of being simultaneously converted to chemical raw materials.…”

Section: Gc-ms Analysis Of Oil Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interest in recycling Co and Li from spent LIBs has recently increased for environmental and economic purposes [4][5][6][7]. Hydrometallurgy is preferred over pyrometallurgy for metal recovery from spent LIBs due to its low dust generation, simple working conditions, low energy consump-tion, and high recovery rate [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Liu

Zhang

2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

h i g h l i g h t s• A co-treatment process for recovery of Co and Li and simultaneous detoxification of PVC in subcritical water was proposed.• PVC was used as a hydrochloric acid source.• More than 95% Co and nearly 98% Li were leached under the optimum conditions.• Neither corrosive acid nor reducing agent was used.• The co-treatment process has technical, economic and environmental benefits over the traditional recovery processes. a r t i c l e i n f o In this work, an effective and environmentally friendly process for the recovery of cobalt (Co) and lithium (Li) from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and simultaneously detoxification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in subcritical water was developed. Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) power from spent LIBs and PVC were co-treated by subcritical water oxidation, in which PVC served as a hydrochloric acid source to promote metal leaching. The dechlorination of PVC and metal leaching was achieved simultaneously under subcritical water oxidation. More than 95% Co and nearly 98% Li were recovered under the optimum conditions: temperature 350• C, PVC/LiCoO 2 ratio 3:1, time 30 min, and a solid/liquid ratio 16:1 (g/L), respectively. Moreover, PVC was completely dechlorinated at temperatures above 350• C without any release of toxic chlorinated organic compounds. Assessment on economical and environmental impacts revealed that the PVC and LiCoO 2 subcritical co-treatment process had significant technical, economic and environmental benefits over the traditional hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy processes. This innovative co-treatment process is efficient, environmentally friendly and adequate for Co and Li recovery from spent LIBs and simultaneous dechlorination of PVC in subcritical water.

show abstract

“…Separation of graphite from the Cu current collector can then be achieved through NMP dissolution, acid dissolution, or mechanical scraping . As discussed previously, LIBs pretreated by crushing and sieving contain electrode materials in the fine fractions—separation of carbons and metals can be achieved through flotation or magnetic separation . The main challenge in graphite recycling is the removal of electrolyte, solid‐electrolyte‐interface (SEI) layer, and other carbonaceous components (binder and conductive additive) for purification.…”

Section: Pretreatment Of Lib Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

show abstract

Environmentally-friendly oxygen-free roasting/wet magnetic separation technology for in situ recycling cobalt, lithium carbonate and graphite from spent LiCoO 2 /graphite lithium batteries

Cited by 459 publications

References 27 publications

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About