Environmentally Responsible Development of Nanotechnology

Roco, Mihail C.

doi:10.1021/es053199u

Cited by 168 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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Section: > D Magna > T Platyurus > V Fischerimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certain NMs can offer, amongst others, distinct optical, electrical and magnetic properties, rendering them of great potential in a very wide range of fields and applications (Rao and Cheetham 2001). These, and other properties, make NMs very useful in technology and their use is rapidly increasing due to their applications in areas such as textiles, electronics, pharmaceutics, cosmetics and environmental remediation (Roco 2005).NPs can be divided into natural and anthropogenic NPs. In the latter case, NPs can be formed unintentionally as a by-product, generally by combustion or formed intentionally, in which case they are termed manufactured or engineered NPs (ENPs) (Nowack and Bucheli 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ecotoxicological assessment of silica and polystyrene nanoparticles assessed by a multitrophic test battery

Casado¹,

Macken

Byrne³

2013

Environment International

194

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Abstract.The acute ecotoxicity of different diameters of silica and polyethyleneimine polystyrene (PS-PEI) nanoparticles (NPs) was assessed on a test battery of aquatic organisms representing different trophic levels. Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Vibrio fischeri, were employed in a series of standard acute ecotoxicity tests and work was complemented with two cytotoxicological end points on a rainbow trout gonadal cell line (RTG-2). Physico-chemical characterization of the NPs was performed in the different test media employed, using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potentiometry. In contrast to silica NPs exposure, for which no effect was observed for concentrations up to 1000 µg ml -1 for all in vivo aquatic organisms tested, significant toxicity was detected after exposure to PS-PEI NPs at concentrations from 0.40 µg ml -1 to 416.5 µg ml -1.Differing sensitivities for each NP diameter for the different organisms was observed as: P. subcapitata > D. magna > T. platyurus > V. fischeri.The effects observed were dependent in some cases on the NP size, a higher effect being observed for the larger NPs. Finally, cytotoxicity studies showed an effect at the highest concentrations for both sets of NPs which was greater in the case of the PS-PEI NPs.However, as agglomeration and sedimentation of the nanoparticles was observed at these concentrations, the cytotoxicity studies were found not to be a reliable ecotoxicity test model.Keywords: Nanopolystyrene; Silica Nanoparticles; Ecotoxicity; Cytotoxicity.3 1 Introduction.The development of materials and products at the nanoscale has become a major investment area on a global level. Nanotechnology is largely based on these materials, generally defined as nanomaterials (NMs), which, for regulatory purposes, have been recently defined by the European Commission (EC) as any natural, incidental, or manufactured particulate material which is in the unbounded, aggregated or agglomerated form and with at least a 50 % of the particles in the number size distribution that has at least one dimension in the size between 1 and 100 nanometers (nm) (EC 2011). NPs fall within this definition, but to be more specific, NPs are defined as particulate materials with three dimensions of the order of 100 nm or less (Loevestam et al. 2010).NMs often exhibit enhanced or different properties when compared with the bulk material due to their extremely small size, consequent high specific surface area, surface energy and other factors such as larger proportions of under co-ordinated bonds and spatially constrained electronic wavefunctions (Lead and Wilkinson 2006). Certain NMs can offer, amongst others, distinct optical, electrical and magnetic properties, rendering them of great potential in a very wide range of fields and applications (Rao and Cheetham 2001). These, and other properties, make NMs very useful in technology and their use is rapidly increasing due to their applications in areas such as textiles, electronics, pharmaceutics, co...

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Section: > D Magna > T Platyurus > V Fischerimentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicological assessment of silica and polystyrene nanoparticles assessed by a multitrophic test battery

Casado¹,

Macken

Byrne³

2013

Environment International

194

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“…For example, the use of nanoparticles during the material production may influence material properties (surface properties, catalytic activity, etc. ; Roco, 2005). Besides the unique properties of nanomaterials resulting in special applications, possible negative health effects are under discussion (Maynard et al, 2006;Handy and Shaw, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of Nanoscale TiO2 and Al2O3 in Industrial Workplace Environments - Methodology and Results

Kaminski

Beyer

Fißan

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The possible release of engineered nanomaterials was investigated based on a previously developed but now refined methodology. Data from altogether eight industrial work areas in production plants of nanostructured TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 particles were obtained and used to test the methodology and to derive a first assessment of possible exposure of workers. Particle size distributions were determined in work area environments with concurrent measurements at a comparison site. Data from the comparison site were used to estimate the particle background level in the work area and distinguish it from potentially released nanomaterial. The analysis is based on the comparison of time resolved data from the work area and the comparison site as well as data determined during periods with and without work activities in the work area. The data analysis method introduced delivers size-resolved information on the potential nanoparticle exposure of workers.A significant release of particles in the size range 100-562 nm was observed in the work area of bagging aluminum oxide and is stemming from damaging or overfilling of bags, and the necessary activities during the cleaning of the work area. The maximum particle diameter of these particles was around 340 nm. At all other investigated locations no significant releases of particles in the size range 100-562 nm were determined. Also, no significant release of particles < 100 nm was observed in all work areas.The average PM 10 exposure during the work activities varied from 48 to 1,330 µg/m 3 in the different work areas. The maximum concentrations of aluminum were 118 µg/m 3 and 58 µg/m 3 for PM 10 and PM 1 , respectively, during the bagging of Al 2 O 3 in small bags. In comparison, the maximum concentrations of titanium were 550 µg/m 3 and 434 µg/m 3 for PM 10 and PM 1 , respectively, during the bagging of TiO 2 and indicate a significant release of coarser particles.

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“…Human exposure to airborne nanoparticles is of growing interest and stems from growth of the nanotechnology industry, where contact with engineered nanomaterials has increased substantially (Roco 2005). Individuals who work in the nanotechnology sector are at greatest risk (Maynard et al 2006), although consumers of nanomaterial-containing products may be at risk as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Transfer Function for a Personal, Thermophoretic Nanoparticle Sampler

Leith¹,

Miller-Lionberg²,

Casuccio³

et al. 2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Effective assessment of nanoparticle exposures requires accurate characterization of the aerosol. Of increasing concern is personal exposure to engineered nanoparticles that are specifically designed for use in the nanotechnology sector. This manuscript describes the operation and use of a personal sampler that utilizes thermophoretic force to collect nanoparticles onto a standard TEM (transmission electron microscope) grid. After collection, nanoparticles on the TEM grid are analyzed with an electron microscope, and the resultant data used to determine the characteristics of the nanoparticle aerosol sampled. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the inlet losses and collection efficiency of the thermophoretic sampler for particles between 20 and 600 nm in diameter. These results are used together with theory for thermophoretic velocity to form a transfer function that relates the properties of the collected particles to the properties of the sampled aerosol. The transfer function utilizes a normalization factor, F(d), which is larger than unity for very small particles but approaches unity for particles larger than about 70 nm.

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Environmentally Responsible Development of Nanotechnology

Cited by 168 publications

References 8 publications

Ecotoxicological assessment of silica and polystyrene nanoparticles assessed by a multitrophic test battery

Ecotoxicological assessment of silica and polystyrene nanoparticles assessed by a multitrophic test battery

Measurements of Nanoscale TiO2 and Al2O3 in Industrial Workplace Environments - Methodology and Results

Development of a Transfer Function for a Personal, Thermophoretic Nanoparticle Sampler

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