Enzootic genotype S of H9N2 avian influenza viruses donates internal genes to emerging zoonotic influenza viruses in China

Gu, Minghong; Chen, Hongzhi; Li, Qunhui; Huang, Junqing; Zhao, Mingjun; Gu, Xing; Jiang, Kaijun; Wang, Xiaoquan; Peng, Daxin; Liu, Xiufan

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.029

Cited by 88 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Some LPAI such as H9N2 subtype pose a significant public health threat as they can replicate in permissive mammalian tissues without prior adaptation 1–3 . Furthermore, previous reassortant isolates in humans, such as H5N1, H7N9, H10N8 and H5N6, have been shown to carry a partial or a whole set of internal genes from avian H9N2 viruses 4–7 . Therefore, control of avian H9N2 influenza virus in poultry can have a significant positive impact on the poultry industry and also public health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota-mediated protection against influenza virus subtype H9N2 in chickens is associated with modulation of the innate responses

Yitbarek

Taha-Abdelaziz

Hodgins

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Commensal gut microbiota plays an important role in health and disease. The current study was designed to assess the role of gut microbiota of chickens in the initiation of antiviral responses against avian influenza virus. Day-old layer chickens received a cocktail of antibiotics for 12 (ABX-D12) or 16 (ABX-D16) days to deplete their gut microbiota, followed by treatment of chickens from ABX-12 with five Lactobacillus species combination (PROB), fecal microbial transplant suspension (FMT) or sham treatment daily for four days. At day 17 of age, chickens were challenged with H9N2 virus. Cloacal virus shedding, and interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β and interleukin (IL)-22 expression in the trachea, lung, ileum and cecal tonsils was assessed. Higher virus shedding, and compromised type I IFNs and IL-22 expression was observed in ABX-D16 chickens compared to control, while PROB and FMT showed reduced virus shedding and restored IL-22 expression to levels comparable with undepleted chickens. In conclusion, commensal gut microbiota of chickens can modulate innate responses to influenza virus subtype H9N2 infection in chickens, and modulating the composition of the microbiome using probiotics- and/or FMT-based interventions might serve to promote a healthy community that confers protection against influenza virus infection in chickens.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota-mediated protection against influenza virus subtype H9N2 in chickens is associated with modulation of the innate responses

Yitbarek

Taha-Abdelaziz

Hodgins

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…Since the late 1990’s, recurrent dead-end infections with H9N2 viruses have been reported in pigs and humans [6, 41, 42]. Moreover, serological studies in Asian poultry workers and in Chinese pigs revealed significant exposure to H9N2 [30, 43, 44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of serial pig passages on the adaptation of an avian H9N2 influenza virus to swine

et al. 2017

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H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic in poultry in Asia and the Middle East. These viruses sporadically cause dead-end infections in pigs and humans raising concerns about their potential to adapt to mammals or reassort with human or swine influenza viruses. We performed ten serial passages with an avian H9N2 virus (A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997) in influenza naïve pigs to assess the potential of this virus to adapt to swine. Virus replication in the entire respiratory tract and nasal virus excretion were examined after each passage and we deep sequenced viral genomic RNA of the parental and passage four H9N2 virus isolated from the nasal mucosa and lung. The parental H9N2 virus caused a productive infection in pigs with a predominant tropism for the nasal mucosa, whereas only 50% lung samples were virus-positive. In contrast, inoculation of pigs with passage four virus resulted in viral replication in the entire respiratory tract. Subsequent passages were associated with reduced virus replication in the lungs and infectious virus was no longer detectable in the upper and lower respiratory tract of inoculated pigs at passage ten. The broader tissue tropism after four passages was associated with an amino acid residue substitution at position 225, within the receptor-binding site of the hemagglutinin. We also compared the parental H9N2, passage four H9N2 and the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus in a direct contact transmission experiment. Whereas only one out of six contact pigs showed nasal virus excretion of the wild-type H9N2 for more than four days, all six contact animals shed the passage four H9N2 virus. Nevertheless, the amount of excreted virus was significantly lower when compared to that of the pH1N1, which readily transmitted and replicated in all six contact animals. Our data demonstrate that serial passaging of H9N2 virus in pigs enhances its replication and transmissibility. However, full adaptation of an avian H9N2 virus to pigs likely requires an extensive set of mutations.

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“…As a result, multiple novel variants have emerged from different lineages in poultry (Gu et al, 2012, 2014; Hai-bo et al, 2012; Zhang et al, 2012; Zhao et al, 2012; Lam et al, 2013; Wu et al, 2014a; Pasick et al, 2015). These novel H5N8 and H5N6 subtype AIVs have been present in Eastern China for several years, with the more recent spread to other countries caused by migration of wild birds (Wu et al, 2014b, 2015a; Bouwstra et al, 2015; Verhagen et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Novel Reassortant Influenza A (H5N2) Viruses Isolated from Poultry in Eastern China, 2015

Peng

et al. 2017

Front. Microbiol.

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Recently, novel variants of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been frequently isolated from poultry and wild birds in Asia, Europe and North America. Live poultry markets (LPMs) play an important role in the dissemination of influenza viruses. Four H5N2 AIVs were isolated from poultry during surveillance of AIVs in LPMs in Eastern China, in 2015. Whole-genome sequencing, combined with phylogenetic and antigenic analyses were performed to characterize these viruses. These H5N2 viruses had undergone extensive reassortment resulting in two genetic groups of viruses in poultry. These viruses exhibited slightly pathogenicity in mice, and replicated without prior adaptation. The continued circulation of these novel H5N2 viruses may represent a threat to human health.

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Enzootic genotype S of H9N2 avian influenza viruses donates internal genes to emerging zoonotic influenza viruses in China

Cited by 88 publications

References 24 publications

Gut microbiota-mediated protection against influenza virus subtype H9N2 in chickens is associated with modulation of the innate responses

Gut microbiota-mediated protection against influenza virus subtype H9N2 in chickens is associated with modulation of the innate responses

Effect of serial pig passages on the adaptation of an avian H9N2 influenza virus to swine

Characterization of Novel Reassortant Influenza A (H5N2) Viruses Isolated from Poultry in Eastern China, 2015

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