Enzymatic activities and metabolic rates of pelagic chaetognaths: Lack of depth‐related declines

Thuesen, Erik V.; Childress, James J.

doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.5.0935

Cited by 44 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…800-1000 m; Lythgoe 1988;Warrant & Locket 2004), but is fairly constant below this depth (Childress 1995). In contrast, the metabolic rates and enzyme activities of non-visual pelagic taxa such as chaetognaths, copepods, medusa, pteropod molluscs and polychaetes do not show any trend with habitat depth (figure 1b; Smith & Teal 1973;Thuesen & Childress 1993aThuesen et al 1998).…”

Section: Rates Of Metabolism In Relation To Environmental Variablesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The visual interactions hypothesis suggests that high light levels and limited refuge in the epipelagic realm has resulted in strong selection for high locomotory capacity for predator-prey interactions among visually orienting taxa and that high metabolic rates follow. Relaxation of this selection in darkened bathypelagic waters, or among visually limited taxa, allows less expensive lifestyles and low metabolic rates (Thuesen & Childress 1993aChildress 1995;Seibel et al 1997.…”

Section: Rates Of Metabolism In Relation To Environmental Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The rate of metabolism in marine animals: environmental constraints, ecological demands and energetic opportunities

Seibel

Drazen

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

280

213

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The rates of metabolism in animals vary tremendously throughout the biosphere. The origins of this variation are a matter of active debate with some scientists highlighting the importance of anatomical or environmental constraints, while others emphasize the diversity of ecological roles that organisms play and the associated energy demands. Here, we analyse metabolic rates in diverse marine taxa, with special emphasis on patterns of metabolic rate across a depth gradient, in an effort to understand the extent and underlying causes of variation. The conclusion from this analysis is that low rates of metabolism, in the deep sea and elsewhere, do not result from resource (e.g. food or oxygen) limitation or from temperature or pressure constraint. While metabolic rates do decline strongly with depth in several important animal groups, for others metabolism in abyssal species proceeds as fast as in ecologically similar shallow-water species at equivalent temperatures. Rather, high metabolic demand follows strong selection for locomotory capacity among visual predators inhabiting well-lit oceanic waters. Relaxation of this selection where visual predation is limited provides an opportunity for reduced energy expenditure. Large-scale metabolic variation in the ocean results from interspecific differences in ecological energy demand.Keywords: metabolism; deep sea; scaling; oxygen consumption; locomotion; marine INTRODUCTIONThe rates of metabolic processes in animals vary tremendously throughout the biosphere (e.g. Bennett 1991; Seibel 2007). The origins and scope of this variation are a matter of active debate. Some emphasize geometric and environmental constraints or resource limitation as its source (e.g. Gillooly et al. 2001;Brown et al. 2004), while others emphasize the diversity of ecological roles that organisms play and the associated energy demands (Childress 1995;Suarez 1996;Reinhold 1999;Clarke 2004;Seibel 2007) as a primary driver of metabolic variation. With this in mind, the present paper addresses three seemingly simple questions: (i) what is the extent of variation in the rate of metabolism across diverse taxa and environments, (ii) what environmental and ecological demands act on organisms to drive selection for high metabolic capacity, and (iii) under what environmental circumstances might such selection be relaxed or capacity be constrained?These questions have been pursued vigorously for decades but the clarity of the debate has been diminished by the subtlety of differences in capacity between the taxa most thoroughly studied, that often

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Section: Rates Of Metabolism In Relation To Environmental Variablesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Rates Of Metabolism In Relation To Environmental Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rate of metabolism in marine animals: environmental constraints, ecological demands and energetic opportunities

Seibel

Drazen

2007

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

280

213

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“…''Peracarids'' include amphipods, isopods, mysids, 2 cumaceans, as well as five (nonperacarid) ostracod species. ЉGelatinous invertebratesЉ comprise medusae (28) and chaetognaths (29). ''Cyanobacteria'' include unicellular, filamentous and mat-forming species.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mean mass-specific metabolic rates are strikingly similar across life's major domains: Evidence for life's metabolic optimum

Makarieva

Gorshkov

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

304

381

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A fundamental but unanswered biological question asks how much energy, on average, Earth's different life forms spend per unit mass per unit time to remain alive. Here, using the largest database to date, for 3,006 species that includes most of the range of biological diversity on the planet-from bacteria to elephants, and algae to sapling trees-we show that metabolism displays a striking degree of homeostasis across all of life. We demonstrate that, despite the enormous biochemical, physiological, and ecological differences between the surveyed species that vary over 10 20 -fold in body mass, mean metabolic rates of major taxonomic groups displayed at physiological rest converge on a narrow range from 0.3 to 9 W kg ؊1 . This 30-fold variation among life's disparate forms represents a remarkably small range compared with the 4,000-to 65,000-fold difference between the mean metabolic rates of the smallest and largest organisms that would be observed if life as a whole conformed to universal quarterpower or third-power allometric scaling laws. The observed broad convergence on a narrow range of basal metabolic rates suggests that organismal designs that fit in this physiological window have been favored by natural selection across all of life's major kingdoms, and that this range might therefore be considered as optimal for living matter as a whole.allometry ͉ body size ͉ breathing ͉ scaling ͉ energy consumption T he process of life is critically dependent on consumption of energy from the environment. The amount of energy-per unit time per unit mass-required to sustain life can rightfully be considered one of the fundamental questions in biology. Yet a general quantitative answer to this question is lacking, despite the long history and the considerable number of studies devoted to various aspects of organismal energetics in all fields of bioscience. One reason for this persistent knowledge gap is that this fundamental question is typically approached in markedly different ways depending on the organisms being investigated. We show herein how differences in types, protocols, and units of measurements of metabolism have presented a challenge to the development of quantitative generalizations regarding the metabolic rates of organisms. We then use a comprehensive dataset to reconcile such differences and to characterize the remarkable similarity that emerges from comparisons of mass-specific metabolic rates across all of life. Problem SettingStudies of animal energetics have frequently focused on the allometric relationship between the whole-body metabolic rate Q and body mass M, Q ϭ Q 0 (M/M 0 ) b , where Q 0 is metabolic rate of an organism with body mass M 0 . Either M 0 or Q 0 can be chosen arbitrarily, whereas the second of these parameters is unambiguously defined by the choice of the first one. Usually, M 0 is chosen to be one mass unit-e.g., M 0 ϭ 1 g. For the mass-specific metabolic rate q ' Q/M, we have q ϭ q 0 (M/M 0 ) ␤ , ␤ ϭ b Ϫ 1, q 0 ϭ Q 0 /M 0 . Much of the current debate concerns the value of b, an...

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“…They hypothesised that the lower predator-prey interaction related to the low light intensity at greater depths is the cause of this decline in metabolic rates. In invertebrate animals with no vision, such as chaetognaths in which the interaction between predator-prey does not play a major role in feeding behaviour, no decreases of metabolic rates versus depth gradient were found (Thuesen & Childress 1993).…”

Section: Timing Of Reproductive Processes Of Deep-water Mediterraneanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Duration and timing of reproduction in decapod crustaceans of the NW Mediterranean continental margin: is there a general pattern?

Sardà

Puig²,

Cartes³

et al. 2003

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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To describe how decapod crustaceans are adapted to depth, the duration and timing of the reproductive periods of the 19 most abundant species were compared across the continental margin of the NW Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive activity centered on different seasons, depending on genus, but the deepest-dwelling species of this study, i.e. those living at depths from 600 to >1000 m, showed more seasonal reproductive activity than species dwelling in shallower waters, in which reproductive activity occurred year-round. Thus, in genera where 2 or more species were studied (Pasiphaea, Processa, Plesionika, Munida), the duration of the reproductive periods decreased with increasing depth distribution of congeneric species. This pattern was present in epi-mesopelagic, nektobenthic and benthic species. The only exception was the blind palinuran Polycheles typhlops. Suspended particulate matter concentration in the water column generally decreased from the shelf and upper-slope down to the deep-slope region along the 3 seasonal samplings. Furthermore, vertical fluxes collected near the bottom at ~1000 m depth showed a clear seasonal trend. We discuss how differential matter sinking to the benthic ecosystems versus species depth distribution may be the proximal cause of decapod crustacean reproductive seasonality, and how phylogenesis and light intensity should also be taken into account when describing how species are adapted to the transitional depths of the continental margin of the NW Mediterranean Sea.

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Enzymatic activities and metabolic rates of pelagic chaetognaths: Lack of depth‐related declines

Cited by 44 publications

References 33 publications

The rate of metabolism in marine animals: environmental constraints, ecological demands and energetic opportunities

The rate of metabolism in marine animals: environmental constraints, ecological demands and energetic opportunities

Mean mass-specific metabolic rates are strikingly similar across life's major domains: Evidence for life's metabolic optimum

Duration and timing of reproduction in decapod crustaceans of the NW Mediterranean continental margin: is there a general pattern?

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