Enzymatic fermentation of rapeseed cake significantly improved the soil environment of tea rhizosphere

Abstract

Background Rapeseed cake is an important agricultural waste. After enzymatic fermentation, rapeseed cake not only has specific microbial diversity but also contains a lot of fatty acids, organic acids, amino acids and their derivatives, which has potential value as a high-quality organic fertilizer. However, the effects of fermented rapeseed cake on tea rhizosphere microorganisms and soil metabolites have not been reported. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of enzymatic rapeseed cake fertilizer on the soil of tea tree, and to reveal the correlation between rhizosphere soil microorganisms and nutrients/metabolites. Results The results showed that: (1) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake increased the contents of soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP); increased the activities of soil urease (S-UE), soil catalase (S-CAT), soil acid phosphatase (S-ACP) and soil sucrase (S-SC); (2) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake increased the relative abundance of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms such as Chaetomium, Inocybe, Pseudoxanthomonas, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas; (3) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake increased the contents of sugar, organic acid, and fatty acid in soil, and the key metabolic pathways were concentrated in sugar and fatty acid metabolisms; (4) The application of enzymatic rapeseed cake promoted the metabolism of sugar, organic acid, and fatty acid in soil by key rhizosphere microorganisms; enzymes and microorganisms jointly regulated the metabolic pathways of sugar and fatty acids in soil. Conclusions Enzymatic rapeseed cake fertilizer improved the nutrient status and microbial structure of tea rhizosphere soil, which was beneficial for enhancing soil productivity in tea plantations. These findings provide new insights into the use of enzymatic rapeseed cake as an efficient organic fertilizer and expand its potential for application in tea plantations.

Sirt5 improves cardiomyocytes fatty acid metabolism and ameliorates cardiac lipotoxicity in diabetic cardiomyopathy via CPT2 de-succinylation

“…Unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted using the “prcomp” package within R. Prior to the unsupervised PCA, the data was unit variance scaled [ 34 ]. The results of the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) for both samples and metabolites were visualized as heatmaps with dendrograms [ 34 ]. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) between samples were calculated using the cor function in R and presented as heatmaps [ 34 ].…”

“…The results of the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) for both samples and metabolites were visualized as heatmaps with dendrograms [ 34 ]. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) between samples were calculated using the cor function in R and presented as heatmaps [ 34 ]. Both HCA and PCC analyses were performed using the R package ComplexHeatmap [ 34 ].…”

“…Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) between samples were calculated using the cor function in R and presented as heatmaps [ 34 ]. Both HCA and PCC analyses were performed using the R package ComplexHeatmap [ 34 ]. For the HCA, normalized signal intensities of metabolites (unit variance scaling) were represented as a color spectrum [ 34 ].…”

“…Both HCA and PCC analyses were performed using the R package ComplexHeatmap [ 34 ]. For the HCA, normalized signal intensities of metabolites (unit variance scaling) were represented as a color spectrum [ 34 ]. Significantly regulated metabolites between groups were identified based on variable importance in projection (VIP) values ≥ 1 and absolute Log2FC ≥ 1 [ 34 ].…”

“…For the HCA, normalized signal intensities of metabolites (unit variance scaling) were represented as a color spectrum [ 34 ]. Significantly regulated metabolites between groups were identified based on variable importance in projection (VIP) values ≥ 1 and absolute Log2FC ≥ 1 [ 34 ]. VIP values were extracted from the orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) result, which also included score plots and permutation plots, and was generated using the R package MetaboAnalystR [ 34 ].…”