“…Sap transport and cavitation resistances are linked to nanoscale vessel architecture and the size of the torus present in the pits (Cochard 2006;Lens, Tixier et al 2013). Nanostructured surfaces of biopolymers thus provide simple, dense and anisotropic systems that can be used as tunable models of the interface and surface to mimic naturally-existing materials and investigate both fundamental hypotheses of plant cell wall biology such enzymatic degradation processes (Josefsson, Henriksson et al 2007;Ahola, Turon et al 2008;Cerclier, Guyomard-Lack et al 2013) or polymer interactions (Holmberg, Berg et al 1997;Stiernstedt, Nordgren et al 2006;Winter, Cerclier et al 2010;Villares, Moreau et al 2015). Nanostructured surfaces also serve to investigate complex industrial processes such as pulp production or paper coatings through a simplified approach.…”