Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides, a possible pesticide disposal method

Munnecke, Douglas M.

doi:10.1128/aem.32.1.7-13.1976

Cited by 183 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Bioremediation with micro-organisms is therefore an at-tractive alternative to these conventional techniques for pollutant disposal. Munneck (1976) first reported the potential use of parathion hydrolase producing bacteria for the detoxification and disposal of organophosphorus compounds. Later, successful use of OPH producing bacteria for complete destruction of coumaphos in cattle-dip waste was reported Karns et al, 1987).…”

Section: Biotechnological Advancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial degradation of organophosphorus compounds

Singh¹,

Walker²

2006

FEMS Microbiol Rev

987

524

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Synthetic organophosphorus compounds are used as pesticides, plasticizers, air fuel ingredients and chemical warfare agents. Organophosphorus compounds are the most widely used insecticides, accounting for an estimated 34% of world-wide insecticide sales. Contamination of soil from pesticides as a result of their bulk handling at the farmyard or following application in the field or accidental release may lead occasionally to contamination of surface and ground water. Several reports suggest that a wide range of water and terrestrial ecosystems may be contaminated with organophosphorus compounds. These compounds possess high mammalian toxicity and it is therefore essential to remove them from the environments. In addition, about 200,000 metric tons of nerve (chemical warfare) agents have to be destroyed world-wide under Chemical Weapons Convention (1993). Bioremediation can offer an efficient and cheap option for decontamination of polluted ecosystems and destruction of nerve agents. The first micro-organism that could degrade organophosphorus compounds was isolated in 1973 and identified as Flavobacterium sp. Since then several bacterial and a few fungal species have been isolated which can degrade a wide range of organophosphorus compounds in liquid cultures and soil systems. The biochemistry of organophosphorus compound degradation by most of the bacteria seems to be identical, in which a structurally similar enzyme called organophosphate hydrolase or phosphotriesterase catalyzes the first step of the degradation. organophosphate hydrolase encoding gene opd (organophosphate degrading) gene has been isolated from geographically different regions and taxonomically different species. This gene has been sequenced, cloned in different organisms, and altered for better activity and stability. Recently, genes with similar function but different sequences have also been isolated and characterized. Engineered microorganisms have been tested for their ability to degrade different organophosphorus pollutants, including nerve agents. In this article, we review and propose pathways for degradation of some organophosphorus compounds by microorganisms. Isolation, characterization, utilization and manipulation of the major detoxifying enzymes and the molecular basis of degradation are discussed. The major achievements and technological advancements towards bioremediation of organophosphorus compounds, limitations of available technologies and future challenge are also discussed.

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Section: Biotechnological Advancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial degradation of organophosphorus compounds

Singh¹,

Walker²

2006

FEMS Microbiol Rev

987

524

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“…[47,48]). These include species of Flat'obacterium [49], Arthrobacter [50], and Pseudomonas [51][52][53][54], as well as many isolates which were not further identified [55][56][57]. In principle, parathion and malathion may also provide both sulfur and phosphorus for growth, but research into this aspect of organophosphate degradation has been much less extensive.…”

Section: Phosphorothionate Insecticidesparathion and Malathionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parathion [55,57,58] or to provide phosphorus for growth [59]. The enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis is a phosphotriesterase (aryldialkylphosphatase, EC 3.1.8.1).…”

Section: Phosphorothionate Insecticidesparathion and Malathionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phosphotriesterase in strain B-1 was found to be a cytosolic, 43-kDa enzyme, while in strain SC the enzyme consisted of four identical 67 kDa subunits [56]. Phosphotriesterase catalyses a single hydrolysis of arylphosphotriesters to the dialkyl ester products, and accepts a broad range of aryldialkylphosphotriesters as substrate [57,63], including both phosphate esters and phosphorothionates [57]. The phosphotriesterase enzymes found in P. diminuta and Flavobacterium sp.…”

Section: Phosphorothionate Insecticidesparathion and Malathionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial metabolism of sulfurand phosphorus-containing xenobiotics

Kertesz

Cook

Leisinger

1994

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

121

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Abstract:The enzymes involved in the microbial metabolism of many important phosphorus-or sulfur-containing xenobiotics, including organophosphate insecticides and precursors to organosulfate and organosulfonate detergents and dyestuffs have been characterized. In several instances their genes have been cloned and analysed. For phosphonate xenobiotics, the enzyme system responsible for the cleavage of the carbon-phosphorus bond has not yet been observed in vilro, though much is understood on a genetic level about phosphonate degradation. Phosphonate metabolism is regulated as part of the Pho regulon, under phosphate starvation control. For organophosphorothionate pesticides the situation is not so clear, and the mode of regulation appears to depend on whether the compounds are utilized to provide phosphorus, carbon or sulfur for cell growth. The same is true for organosulfonate metabolism, where different (and differently regulated) enzymatic pathways are involved in the utilization of sulfonates as carbon and as sulfur sources, respectively. Observations at the protein level in a number of bacteria suggest that a regulatory system is present which responds to sulfate limitation and controls the synthesis of proteins involved in providing sulfur to the cell and which may reveal analogies between the regulation of phosphorus and sulfur metabolism.

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“…Not all phosphorothioates with a common P-0-C linkage were hydrolysed with ease by a crude enzyme from a mixed bacterial culture (Munnecke 1976). Thus, diethyl phosphorothioates, parathion and diazinon, were readily hydrolysed by this enzyme despite differences in the ring moiety; but the dimethyl phosphorothioate, methyl parathion, with the same ring moiety as parathion was somewhat resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Hydrolysis of Selected Organophosphorus Insecticides by Two Bacteria Isolated from Flooded Soil

Adhya

Barik

Sethunathan

1981

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 27551 hydrolysed both diethyl (parathion and diazinon) and dimethyl (methyl parathion and fenitrothion) phosphorothioates while Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 29353 hydrolysed only diethyl (parathion and diazinon) phosphorothioates. Glucose inhibited the hydrolysis of parathion by Pseudomonas sp., but not by Flavobacterium sp. Evidently, the Flavobacterium hydrolase differs from that of Pseudomonas sp. The Pseudomonas sp. converted 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol in the presence of glucose and to nitrite in its absence; 4‐nitrophenol was not metabolized by the Flavobacterium sp.

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Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides, a possible pesticide disposal method

Cited by 183 publications

References 17 publications

Microbial degradation of organophosphorus compounds

Microbial degradation of organophosphorus compounds

Microbial metabolism of sulfurand phosphorus-containing xenobiotics

Hydrolysis of Selected Organophosphorus Insecticides by Two Bacteria Isolated from Flooded Soil

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