Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Penicillin for 6-APA Production in Three-Liquid-Phase System

Abstract

A dodecane/thermosensitive polymer/water three-liquid-phase system was introduced for enzymatic hydrolysis of penicillin G (Pen G) for 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). The enzyme was covalently attached to the terminal of PEO-PPO-PEO polymer (L63), which would be transferred into a polymer coacervate phase at high temperature above its "cloud point". 6-APA was primarily resided in the aqueous phase due to its zwitterionic nature. More than 70% phenylacetic acid (PAA) was transferred into the organic phase using trioctylmethylammonium hydroxide and trihexyl-(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphinate ionic liquids (Cyphos IL-104) mixture at pH 5.5, while most of Pen G resided in water. As a result, high operational pH was permitted in three-liquid-phase system, which leads to higher enzymatic activity (120 IU at 40 degrees C) and stability (enzymatic half-time up to 55 h at 60 degrees C) in comparison with the value in butyl acetate/water two-phase system. On the other hand, two products in three-liquid-phase system might be automatically separated from the enzyme sphere into different phases at the same time, which facilitated the reaction equilibrium towards the product's side with 6-APA productivity of 80% at 42 degrees C, pH 5.5.

From the dissolution to the extraction of carbohydrates using ionic liquids

“…They are considered as more environmentally-friendly than their volatile, toxic, and organic counterparts. ILs that are regarded as "green" solvents, have received worldwide attention in various elds including catalysis, 16,17 electrochemistry, 18,19 separation, 20,21 chemical synthesis, polymer chemistry and nanotechnology. 22,23 Swatloski et al (2000) reported the use of an ionic liquid (IL) as a solvent for cellulose both for the regeneration of cellulose and for the chemical modication of polysaccharide.…”