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This literature review deals with the electrophoretic deposition of bioactive glass coatings on metallic substrates to produce bone implants. Biocompatible metallic materials, such as titanium alloys or stainless steels, are commonly used to replace hard tissue functions because their mechanical properties are appropriate for load-bearing applications. However, metallic materials barely react in the body. They need a bioactive surface coating to trigger beneficial biological and chemical reactions in the physiological environment. Bioactive coatings aim to improve bone bonding, shorten the healing process after implantation, and extend the lifespan of the implant. Bioactive glasses, such as 45S5, 58S, S53P4, 13-93, or 70S30C, are amorphous materials made of a mixture of oxides that are accepted by the human body. They are used as coatings to improve the surface reactivity of metallic bone implants. Their high bioactivity in the physiological environment induces the formation of strong chemical bonding at the interface between the metallic implant and the surrounding bone tissue. Electrophoretic deposition is one of the most effective solutions to deposit uniform bioactive glass coatings at low temperatures. This article begins with a review of the different compositions of bioactive glasses described in the scientific literature for their ability to support hard tissue repair. The second part details the different stages of the bioactivity process occurring at the surface of bioactive glasses immersed in a physiological environment. Then, the mechanisms involved in the electrophoretic deposition of bioactive glass coatings on metallic bone implants are described. The last part of the article details the current developments in the process of improving the properties of bioactive glass coatings by adding biocompatible elements to the glassy structure.
This literature review deals with the electrophoretic deposition of bioactive glass coatings on metallic substrates to produce bone implants. Biocompatible metallic materials, such as titanium alloys or stainless steels, are commonly used to replace hard tissue functions because their mechanical properties are appropriate for load-bearing applications. However, metallic materials barely react in the body. They need a bioactive surface coating to trigger beneficial biological and chemical reactions in the physiological environment. Bioactive coatings aim to improve bone bonding, shorten the healing process after implantation, and extend the lifespan of the implant. Bioactive glasses, such as 45S5, 58S, S53P4, 13-93, or 70S30C, are amorphous materials made of a mixture of oxides that are accepted by the human body. They are used as coatings to improve the surface reactivity of metallic bone implants. Their high bioactivity in the physiological environment induces the formation of strong chemical bonding at the interface between the metallic implant and the surrounding bone tissue. Electrophoretic deposition is one of the most effective solutions to deposit uniform bioactive glass coatings at low temperatures. This article begins with a review of the different compositions of bioactive glasses described in the scientific literature for their ability to support hard tissue repair. The second part details the different stages of the bioactivity process occurring at the surface of bioactive glasses immersed in a physiological environment. Then, the mechanisms involved in the electrophoretic deposition of bioactive glass coatings on metallic bone implants are described. The last part of the article details the current developments in the process of improving the properties of bioactive glass coatings by adding biocompatible elements to the glassy structure.
Calcium phosphates (CaPs) and their substituted derivatives encompass a large number of compounds with a vast presence in nature that have aroused a great interest for decades. In particular, hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6) is the most abundant CaP mineral and is significant in the biological world, at least in part due to being a major compound in bones and teeth. HAp exhibits excellent properties, such as safety, stability, hardness, biocompatibility, and osteoconductivity, among others. Even some of its drawbacks, such as its fragility, can be redirected thanks to another essential feature: its great versatility. This is based on the compound’s tendency to undergo substitutions of its constituent ions and to incorporate or anchor new molecules on its surface and pores. Thus, its affinity for biomolecules makes it an optimal compound for multiple applications, mainly, but not only, in biological and biomedical fields. The present review provides a chemical and structural context to explain the affinity of HAp for biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids to generate hybrid materials. A size-dependent criterium of increasing complexity is applied, ranging from amino acids/nucleobases to the corresponding macromolecules. The incorporation of metal ions or metal complexes into these functionalized compounds is also discussed.
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