Enzyme‐Based Nanoscale Composites for Use as Active Decontamination Surfaces

Abstract

Perhydrolase S54V (AcT) effectively catalyzes the perhydrolysis of propylene glycol diacetate (PGD) to generate peracetic acid (PAA). PAA is a potent oxidant used for sanitization and disinfection, with broad effectiveness against bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and spores. In this study, active and stable composites are developed by incorporating AcT–carbon nanotube conjugates into polymer and latex‐based paint. At a conjugate loading of 0.16% (w/v), the composite generated 11 mM PAA in 20 min, capable of killing more than 99% spores initially charged at 106 colony‐forming units per milliliter.

Bionanoconjugate‐based composites for decontamination of nerve agents

“…23 PEG was previously shown to offer a flexible spacer for the enzyme at the nanotube interface, to increase nanotube dispersion in solution, and potentially to block the hydrophobic side walls of the carbon nanotubes. 23 We tested the activity of the OPH-PEG-cMWNT conjugates using the V-type neurotoxin simulant, paraoxon. OPH catalyzes the hydrolysis of paraoxon and produces an equimolar concentration of p-nitrophenol that can be detected at 412 nm (Scheme 2).…”

“…23 Bionanoconjugates of OPH-PEG-cMWNTs were prepared by covalent attachment of OPH onto PEG functionalized, acid-oxidized, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PEG-cMWNT) using EDC/NHS coupling chemistry (Scheme 1). 23 PEG was previously shown to offer a flexible spacer for the enzyme at the nanotube interface, to increase nanotube dispersion in solution, and potentially to block the hydrophobic side walls of the carbon nanotubes. 23 We tested the activity of the OPH-PEG-cMWNT conjugates using the V-type neurotoxin simulant, paraoxon.…”

“…23 Briefly, 100 mg MWNTs were suspended in 400 mL of 3:1 v/v H 2 SO 4 :HNO 3 acid mixture (Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH) and sonicated at room temperature for 6 h. The acid oxidized carbon nanotube (cMWNTs) suspension was diluted with deionized water; the mixture was then filtered through a 0.2 lm polycarbonate membrane (Millipore, Billerica, MA). The cMWNT ''cake'' formed on the filter membrane was resuspended in water by ultrasonication; the filtration step was repeated until water-soluble cMWNTs were obtained and insoluble impurities were removed.…”

“…23 Briefly, 2 mg cMWNTs were dispersed in 160 mM EDC and 80 mM NHS (total volume of 2 mL in MES (2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt, 50 mM, pH 4.7, Sigma St. Louis, MO) for 15 minutes at room temperature and 200 rpm. The activated cMWNTs were next filtered through 0.2 lm filter membrane, washed thoroughly with MES buffer to remove any ester residues, immediately dispersed in 1 mg/mL PEG solution in HEPES buffer (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N 0 -2-ethanesulfonic acid, 50 mM, pH 8.5, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and incubated for 3 h at room temperature with shaking at 200 rpm.…”

Nanobiocatalyst advancements and bioprocessing applications

“…Alternatively, enzyme molecules are covalently attached to linking molecules on the CNT surface via hydrophobic or p-p interactions. Linking molecules can provide specific sites for CNTs to immobilize enzymes, exemplified by 1-pyrenenbutanoic acid succinimidyl ester for horseradish peroxidise [99], a PEG-based spacer for perhydrolase S54V [100] and Na,Na-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-lysine for His-tagged NADH oxidase [101].…”