Enzyme‐Clay Interactions and Their Impact on Transformations of Natural and Anthropogenic Organic Compounds in Soil

Abstract

Soil is a living system in which enzymes are present either free in solution or bound to clay and clay‐humus complexes. Enzyme‐clay interactions play a key role in transforming organic compounds in soil environments where the decomposition and synthetic processes are largely catalyzed by enzymes. Scientific evidence indicates that mineral colloids take part in the catalysis of degradative and synthetic reactions of organic compounds. Such information is essential to understanding the role of mineral colloids, the hidden half of the enzyme‐mineral colloid complexes, in catalytic reactions. Despite the abundant literature on the enzyme interactions with pure crystalline aluminosilicates, the nature of enzyme association with soil constituents, including both clean and coated clay minerals and other mineral colloids, and the effect on soil processes still remain unclear. This study integrates the existing information, including recent findings on enzyme‐mineral colloid interactions and their effect on natural and anthropogenic organic compound transformation in soil. Further, the study focuses on the catalytic role of enzyme‐clay complex surfaces in toxic industrial and agricultural compound bioremediation in soil and water environments.

Cell-free extracellular enzymatic activity is linked to seasonal temperature changes: a case study in the Baltic Sea

“…Thus, advection of dissolved EEA might be a critical source of EEA in any given environment (Baltar et al, 2010(Baltar et al, , 2013Steen and Arnosti, 2011). Other factors might also allow for extended EE lifetimes during advection, like association of EEs to particles (Gianfreda and Scarfi, 1991;Naidja et al, 2000;Ziervogel et al, 2007), to exopolymeric matrix (Decho, 1990), and to detrital particle complexes (Nagata and Kirchman, 1992). Low temperature seems to be a critical factor favouring longer EE lifetimes and thereby higher proportions of dissolved relative to total EEA.…”

Biodegradation of Aged Residues of Atrazine and Alachlor in a Mix-Load Site Soil by Fungal Enzymes

“…Adsorption or immobilization of enzymes on mineral colloids has affected their stability positively by enhancing their activity or negatively by inhibiting the activity of the protein molecules [21]. Changes induced in the EES through reactions with soil components might have resulted in the production of more bound residues.…”

“…Changes induced in the EES through reactions with soil components might have resulted in the production of more bound residues. Immobilization of laccase onto soil mediated the transformation of guaiacol, 1-naphthol, and 4-chloro-1-naphthol into oligomeric products by C-C and C-O coupling reactions [21].…”

Formation of Protein–Birnessite Complex: XRD, FTIR, and AFM Analysis

“…Some aspects of interactions of proteins including enzymes with clays have been reviewed (2)(3)(4). Although it is well known that some expandable clays such as smectites have a high affinity for the proteinic structure of enzymes (5)(6)(7)(8), the mechanisms by which enzymes are linked to these clays are still not fully understood.…”