Enzyme-Coated Carbon Nanotubes as Single-Molecule Biosensors

Besteman, K.; Lee, Jun Young; Wiertz, Frank G. M.; Heering, Hendrik A.; Dekker, Cees

doi:10.1021/nl034139u

Cited by 1,254 publications

(845 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…[23,91] Drop casting, [95] dielectrophoresis, [96] and CVD growth [23,91,92,94,[97][98][99] have been employed for the fabrication of dispersed SWNT networks, although the latter approach is gaining greater acceptance owing to the ease of attaining bundle-free structures. Microlithography [92,94,98] and electron beam (e-beam) lithography [97] are typically employed to pattern source and drain contacts, although shadow mask metal evaporation is also used. [23,91] Figure 3a 4 and a 5 illustrate the typical gate configurations for SWNT-FET biosensors.…”

Section: Cnt Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic and Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules

2007

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The unique electronic and optical properties of carbon nanotubes, in conjunction with their size and mechanically robust nature, make these nanomaterials crucial to the development of next-generation biosensing platforms. In this Review, we present recent innovations in carbon nanotube-assisted biosensing technologies, such as DNA-hybridization, protein-binding, antibody-antigen and aptamers. Following a brief introduction on the diameter-and chirality-derived electronic characteristics of single-walled carbon nanotubes, the discussion is focused on the two major schemes for electronic biodetection, namely biotransistor-and electrochemistry-based sensors. Key fabrication methodologies are contrasted in light of device operation and performance, along with strategies for amplifying the signal while minimizing nonspecific binding. This Review is concluded with a perspective on future optimization based on array integration as well as exercising a better control in nanotube structure and biomolecular integration.

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Section: Cnt Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic and Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules

2007

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“…The most common route to improvement in reactivity and sensitivity is through functionalization of CNT sidewalls with specific bio/chemical molecules. [4][5][6]8 In fact, chemical functionalization can both ensure better chemical bonding between the nanotube and a specific chemical species as well as improve the selectivity of the adsorption process.Alternatively, metal nanoparticles can be used to functionalize CNTs, enabling attachment of other species. Indeed, nanotubes coated with Pd nanoparticles become excellent H 2 sensors.…”

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confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotube−Metal Cluster Composites: A New Road to Chemical Sensors?

et al. 2005

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Novel carbon nanotube−metal cluster structures are proposed as prototype systems for molecular recognition at the nanoscale. Ab initio calculations show that already the bare nanotube cluster system displays some specificity because the adsorption of ammonia on a carbon nanotube−Al cluster system is easily detected electrically, while diborane adsorption does not provide an electrical signature. Since there are well-established procedures for attaching molecular receptors to metal clusters, these results provide a "proof-of-principle" for the development of novel, high-specificity molecular sensors.Since their discovery in 1991, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become one of the most exciting nanomaterials, combining a range of extraordinary physical properties, such as extremely small size and high aspect ratio, high stiffness and excellent flexibility under different mechanical stimuli, high structural and chemical stability, and a rich spectrum of electrical properties. Many potential applications have been proposed: superstrong composites, energy storage and energy conversion devices, field emission displays, mechanical, chemical and biological probes and sensors, radiation sources, nanoelectronic devices, and more. 1 In this letter we concentrate on the possibility of using carbon nanotubes as chemical sensors and probes. Pioneering experiments from Dai's group 2,3 have shown that at room temperature the resistance of an individual single wall carbon nanotube is very responsive to the adsorption of molecules, such as NO 2 and NH 3 . These measurements demonstrate the excellent sensing capabilities of CNTs, in particular their fast response time, high selectivity, and reversibility. It has also been shown that CNT-based single-molecule biosensors 4-6 can compete with other nanowire nanosensors 7 in detecting biological and chemical molecules. If appropriately functionalized, carbon nanotubes even have the ability to recognize proteins and DNA. [8][9][10] Moreover, their intrinsic strength and resilience makes them ideally suited for ultrasmall sensors capable of exploring complicated geometries at the nanoscale. 5,6 Real-world applications, such as CNTbased resonant-circuit wireless ammonia sensors, have been developed by different groups. 11,12 Due to their strong sp 2 bonding and near perfect hexagonal network, carbon nanotubes are chemically stable and do not form strong chemical bonds with most molecules. However, since experiments have shown that the properties of a CNT can change when it is immersed in a specific chemical or biological environment, there has been a substantial effort toward the development of techniques to enhance the sensing capability of CNTs. The most common route to improvement in reactivity and sensitivity is through functionalization of CNT sidewalls with specific bio/chemical molecules. [4][5][6]8 In fact, chemical functionalization can both ensure better chemical bonding between the nanotube and a specific chemical species as well as improve the selectivity of the adsorptio...

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“…The conduction of current through a semiconducting SWNT is greatly affected by the environment, a feature that has been exploited to develop chemical sensors both in the gas phase and in physiological solution. [1][2][3][4] For instance, the binding of proteins to SWNTs or to receptors immobilized on SWNTs can be detected by monitoring the conductance of nanotube field effect transistors (FETs) prepared by connecting two metal electrodes with a nanotube. [2][3][4] The combination of nanotube FETs with microfluidic channels offers unique advantages for sensor applications in a liquid.…”

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confidence: 99%

Integrated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Microfluidic Devices for the Study of the Sensing Mechanism of Nanotube Sensors

Liu

2005

J. Phys. Chem. B

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Enzyme-Coated Carbon Nanotubes as Single-Molecule Biosensors

Cited by 1,254 publications

References 16 publications

Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic and Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules

Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic and Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules

Carbon Nanotube−Metal Cluster Composites: A New Road to Chemical Sensors?

Integrated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Microfluidic Devices for the Study of the Sensing Mechanism of Nanotube Sensors

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