Enzyme immobilization in hydrogels: A perfect liaison for efficient and sustainable biocatalysis

Meyer, Johanna; Meyer, Lars‐Erik; Kara, Selin

doi:10.1002/elsc.202100087

Cited by 59 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 165 publications

(186 reference statements)

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“…However, the risk of enzyme leakage, particularly in entrapment, is considerable and mass transfer limitations are often referred [36,65,70,79]. Detailed insight on recent achievements and foreseen developments involving enzyme immobilization in hydrogels can be found in a recently published review [80].…”

Section: Classification Of Immobilization Methods and Their Key Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications

et al. 2022

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Enzymes are outstanding (bio)catalysts, not solely on account of their ability to increase reaction rates by up to several orders of magnitude but also for the high degree of substrate specificity, regiospecificity and stereospecificity. The use and development of enzymes as robust biocatalysts is one of the main challenges in biotechnology. However, despite the high specificities and turnover of enzymes, there are also drawbacks. At the industrial level, these drawbacks are typically overcome by resorting to immobilized enzymes to enhance stability. Immobilization of biocatalysts allows their reuse, increases stability, facilitates process control, eases product recovery, and enhances product yield and quality. This is especially important for expensive enzymes, for those obtained in low fermentation yield and with relatively low activity. This review provides an integrated perspective on (multi)enzyme immobilization that abridges a critical evaluation of immobilization methods and carriers, biocatalyst metrics, impact of key carrier features on biocatalyst performance, trends towards miniaturization and detailed illustrative examples that are representative of biocatalytic applications promoting sustainability.

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Section: Classification Of Immobilization Methods and Their Key Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications

et al. 2022

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“…[ 78 ] These side chains provide for conjugation routes to amino, aldehyde, carboxyl, and epoxy groups in both natural (e.g., cellulose, agarose, dextran) and synthetic hydrogel polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(2‐hydroxylethyl methacrylate (polyHEMA)). [ 79 ] Specifically, the amino groups of lysine can be readily coupled to both epoxy and aldehyde groups to form stable secondary amine linkages, while the thiol groups of cysteine undergo conjugate addition with carbonyl functional groups to form thioether bonds. [ 80 ] The carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acid are typically first converted to active esters, with the most common being N ‐hydroxysuccinimide esters, which then react with amino groups in the hydrogel support structures to form amide bonds.…”

Section: Overview Of Electrochemical Hydrogels As Advanced Biomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Translation of Electrochemical Hydrogel‐Based Sensors

Shafique

Vries

Strauss

et al. 2022

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Novel biomaterials for bio‐ and chemical sensing applications have gained considerable traction in the diagnostic community with rising trends of using biocompatible and lowly cytotoxic material. Hydrogel‐based electrochemical sensors have become a promising candidate for their swellable, nano‐/microporous, and aqueous 3D structures capable of immobilizing catalytic enzymes, electroactive species, whole cells, and complex tissue models, while maintaining tunable mechanical properties in wearable and implantable applications. With advances in highly controllable fabrication and processability of these novel biomaterials, the possibility of bio‐nanocomposite hydrogel‐based electrochemical sensing presents a paradigm shift in the development of biocompatible, “smart,” and sensitive health monitoring point‐of‐care devices. Here, recent advances in electrochemical hydrogels for the detection of biomarkers in vitro, in situ, and in vivo are briefly reviewed to demonstrate their applicability in ideal conditions, in complex cellular environments, and in live animal models, respectively, to provide a comprehensive assessment of whether these biomaterials are ready for point‐of‐care translation and biointegration. Sensors based on conductive and nonconductive polymers are presented, with highlights of nano‐/microstructured electrodes that provide enhanced sensitivity and selectivity in biocompatible matrices. An outlook on current challenges that shall be addressed for the realization of truly continuous real‐time sensing platforms is also presented.

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“…Hydrogel beads are a powerful tool for (bio)-process engineering. These hydrated polymer matrices can be engineered to encapsulate chemical, enzymatic, and live microbial catalysts to drive desired chemical conversions 1 – 3 . While hydrogels can be employed in a similar fashion to granular biofilms (or, granular sludge), they uniquely offer the possibility to combine organisms with complementary metabolic traits to achieve desired functionalities 4 , 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-SA) hydrogel beads by controlling crosslinking pH and time

Candry

Godfrey

Wang

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Hydrogel-encapsulated catalysts are an attractive tool for low-cost intensification of (bio)-processes. Polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate hydrogels crosslinked with boric acid and post-cured with sulfate (PVA-SA-BS) have been applied in bioproduction and water treatment processes, but the low pH required for crosslinking may negatively affect biocatalyst functionality. Here, we investigate how crosslinking pH (3, 4, and 5) and time (1, 2, and 8 h) affect the physicochemical, elastic, and process properties of PVA-SA-BS beads. Overall, bead properties were most affected by crosslinking pH. Beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were smaller and contained larger internal cavities, while optical coherence tomography suggested polymer cross-linking density was higher. Optical coherence elastography revealed PVA-SA-BS beads produced at pH 3 and 4 were stiffer than pH 5 beads. Dextran Blue release showed that pH 3-produced beads enabled higher diffusion rates and were more porous. Last, over a 28-day incubation, pH 3 and 4 beads lost more microspheres (as cell proxies) than beads produced at pH 5, while the latter released more polymer material. Overall, this study provides a path forward to tailor PVA-SA-BS hydrogel bead properties towards a broad range of applications, such as chemical, enzymatic, and microbially catalyzed (bio)-processes.

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Enzyme immobilization in hydrogels: A perfect liaison for efficient and sustainable biocatalysis

Cited by 59 publications

References 165 publications

Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications

Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications

Advances in the Translation of Electrochemical Hydrogel‐Based Sensors

Tailoring polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-SA) hydrogel beads by controlling crosslinking pH and time

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