Enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibodies against eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in sentinel chickens

Abstract

We developed an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG subclass antibodies directed against eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in chickens. The assays were compared with the serum plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for ability to detect antibodies against EEE virus in laboratory-infected birds. No cross-reactivity was detected in serum from chickens inoculated with St. Louis encephalitis or Highlands J virus. The interval after infection when EEE virus-specific antibodies were first detected by IgM and IgG EIAs was found to be similar to that determined by the PRNT and HI tests: 2 to 4 days. The IgG EIA, PRNT, and HI test detected antibodies to EEE virus for at least 27 to 30 days after inoculation. In contrast, serum from five of seven chickens did not contain detectable IgM 30 days after infection. Similarly, in all three naturally infected sentinel chickens from Maryland, IgM class antibody was undetectable 1 to 5 weeks after IgM was initially detected. EIAs provide simple and rapid alternatives to traditional tests for monitoring EEE virus infections in sentinel chicken flocks. Moreover, the IgM EIA provides a means to separate recently infected chickens from those infected .1 month earlier.

West Nile Virus Surveillance using Sentinel Birds

“…Numerous blood sampling schemes and diagnostic testing strategies have been described elsewhere. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Placement of chickens is key to success of the sentinel program. Common sense indicates that chickens should be located adjacent to mosquito resting sites and near arbovirus vector breeding sites.…”

“…Blood samples are collected periodically (usually biweekly) and tested for antibodies specific to the arbovirus(es) being monitored. Numerous blood sampling schemes and diagnostic testing strategies have been described elsewhere 22‐31…”

Effectiveness of a Commercial Competitive Elisa for the Detection of West Nile Virus Antibodies in Sentinel Chickens

“…As treatment and prevention options are limited for WNV, control of the pathogen vector is most effective in the reducing disease. Screening sentinel chickens for viral activity provides the relevant authorities the knowledge needed to guide their vector abatement decisions (Olson et al 1991, Johnson et al 2003, Van Den Hurk et al 2012, Day et al 2015. Studies have shown that sentinel chicken surveillance can be one of the most sensitive indicators of virus activity in an area (Day and Lewis 1992, Reisen et al 1994, Ramirez e al.…”

Detecção da infecção de rotavírus e levantamento soroepidemiológico de alguns patógenos com potencial zoonótico em avestruzes (Struthio camelus) no Estado do Paraná

“…A mortalidade varia de 50%-90% para EEE, 20%-40% para WEE e 50% a 80% para VEE (MURPHY et al, 1999). Testes sorológicos são efetuados utilizando-se técnicas como a HI, ELISA e soro neutralização em cultura de tecido, com resultados favoráveis variando entre eles os custos e o tempo de execução (CALISHER, et al, 1986;FERNÁNDEZ et al, 2000;KOTAIT et al, 1992;LANCIOTTI 2003;OLSON et al, 1991 CDC, 1998;CDC, 2000;CDC, 2006;NAKAMURA et al 2006;TREVEJO et al, 1998;WHO, 1999).…”

“…Dos 182 avestruzes reprodutores testados nenhum animal foi reagente. No presente levantamento sorológico o intuito da avaliação da frequência da ocorrência de anticorpos para hemaglutinina H3 esta relacionado a prevalência desta nas populações humana, de suínos, de eqüinos e aves onde haveria a maior probabilidade dos avestruzes já terem entrado em contato com este sorotipo do vírus (ARENAS et al, 1990;DE MARCO et al, 2004;MANCINI et al, 2004;WEBSTER et al, 1992 (CALISHER et al, 1986;OLSON et al, 1991).…”