Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Immunological Diagnosis of Human Tularemia

Carlsson, Hans Erik; Lindberg, Alf A.; Lindberg, Gunilla; Hederstedt, B; Karlsson, K.; Agell, Bengt O.

doi:10.1128/jcm.10.5.615-621.1979

Cited by 72 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…No such reactivity was found with serum antibodies from individuals lacking any history of tu- 208 laraemia or tularaemia vaccination. This is in agreement with results previously presented on the use of immunoassays for diagnosis of tularaemia [11] or for confirmation of tularaemia vaccination [40]. Moreover, these results concur with the suggestion that a carbohydrate antigen of F. tularensis triggers specific antibody production whereas protein antigen stimulates lymphocyte reactivity [19].…”

Section: Samplesupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important major component of membranes of Gram-negative bacteria known as endotoxins. LPS isolated from F. tularensis LVS has been used in immunoassays to confirm tularaemia or tularaemia vaccination [11]. Structures of this LPS have been characterized with monoclonai antibodies and it was concluded that the LPS was of the smooth type with a repeating O-side chain [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunogenicity and toxicity of lipopolysaccharide from Francisella tularensis LVS

Sandström

1992

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the live vaccine strain of Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis LVS) was isolated and purified. The LPS did not stimulate lymphocytes from previously tularaemia‐vaccinated individuals or lymphocytes from nonprimed individuals. However, serum antibodies from tularaemia vaccines reacted with the LPS whereas virtually no reactivity was found with antibodies from individuals not exposed to F. tularensis LVS. Antibodies of immunoglobulin class M displayed the antibody reactivity predominantly. The LPS failed to induce the mononuclear cell‐derived cytokine interleukin‐1 and only low levels of tumour necrosis factor were detected. Furthermore, no LPS endotoxin properties were found in galactosamine‐treated mice or in the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. From these results it can be concluded that F. tularensis LVS possesses a lipopolysaccharide‐like molecule, which does not exhibit properties of a classical endotoxin.

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Section: Samplesupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity and toxicity of lipopolysaccharide from Francisella tularensis LVS

Sandström

1992

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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“…We found that hyena antibodies can be detected in serum at least one year after exposure, long after many pathogens would be cleared from the host. Testing for both IgG and IgM has been used previously to stage infections; this method was used to assess whether infections are in earlier or later stages for tularemia (Carlsson et al, 1979), dengue (Innis et al, 1989), Rift Valley Fever (Pepin et al, 2010), myxomatosis in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculs) (Kerr, 1997), and West Nile virus in equids (Durand et al, 2002). Pathogens to which wild spotted hyenas are known to be exposed include CDV, FIV, feline panleukopenia virus/canine parvovirus, feline coronavirus/feline infectious peritonitis virus, feline calicivirus, rabies, and bluetongue East et al, 2001;Harrison et al, 2004;Troyer et al, 2005).…”

Section: Potential Uses Of the New Antibodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a hyena immunology toolbox

Flies

Grant²,

Mansfield

et al. 2012

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology

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Animals that hunt and scavenge are often exposed to a broad array of pathogens. Theory predicts the immune systems of animals specialized for scavenging should have been molded by selective pressures associated with surviving microbial assaults from their food. Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) are capable hunters that have recently descended from carrion feeding ancestors. Hyenas have been documented to survive anthrax and rabies infections, and outbreaks of several other viral diseases that decimated populations of sympatric carnivores. In light of the extreme disease resistance manifested by spotted hyenas, our objective was to identify tools available for studying immune function in spotted hyenas and use these tools to document the hyena antibody response to immunization. Domestic cats (Felis catus) are the closest phylogenetic relatives of hyenas that have been studied in detail immunologically, and we hypothesized that anti-cat isotype-specific antibodies would cross react with hyena immunoglobulin epitopes. We used ELISA and Western blots to test isotype-specific anti-feline antibodies for specific cross-reaction to hyena Ig epitopes. Molecular weights of heavy (IgA, IgG, IgM) and light chains of hyena immunoglobulins were determined by protein electrophoresis, and as expected, they were found to be similar to feline immunoglobulins. In order to further validate the cross-reactivity of the anti-feline antibodies and document the hyena humoral response, eight spotted hyenas were immunized with dinitrophenol conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH) and serum anti-DNP responses were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for one year. The full array of isotype-specific antibodies identified here will allow veterinarians and other researchers to thoroughly investigate the hyena antibody response, and can be used in future studies to test hypotheses about pathogen exposure and immune function in this species.

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“…Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays repeatedly proved to be more sensitive than agglutination assays (Carlsson et al., 1979; Syrjala et al., 1986). ELISAs also have the advantage that different antibody classes, i.e.…”

Section: Serological Assays For the Diagnosis Of Tularaemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Procedures in Tularaemia with Special Focus on Molecular and Immunological Techniques

Splettstoesser

Tomaso

Dahouk

et al. 2005

Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B

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Tularaemia is a severe bacterial zoonosis caused by the highly infectious agent Francisella tularensis. It is endemic in countries of the northern hemisphere ranging from North America to Europe, Asia and Japan. Very recently, Francisella-like strains causing disease in humans were described from tropical northern Australia. In the last decade, efforts have been made to develop sensitive and specific immunological and molecular techniques for the laboratory diagnosis of tularaemia and also for the definite identification of members of the species F. tularensis and its four subspecies. Screening for the keyword 'Francisella' a Medline search over the last decade was performed and articles describing diagnostic methods for tularaemia and its causative agent were selected. Besides classical microbiological techniques (cultivation, biochemical profiling, susceptibility testing) several new immunological and molecular approaches to identify F. tularensis have been introduced employing highly specific antibodies and various polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Whereas direct antigen detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunofluorescence might allow early presumptive diagnosis of tularaemia, these methods--like all PCR techniques--still await further evaluation. Therefore, diagnosis of tularaemia still relies mainly on the demonstration of specific antibodies in the host. ELISA and immunoblot methods started to replace the standard tube or micro-agglutination assays. However, the diagnostic value of antibody detection in the very early clinical phase of tularaemia is limited. Francisella tularensis is regarded as a 'highest priority' biological agent (category 'A' according to the CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA), thus rapid and reliable diagnosis of tularaemia is required not only for a timely onset of therapy, the handling of outbreak investigations but also for the surveillance of endemic foci. Only very recently, evaluated test kits for serological diagnosis of human tularaemia became available, while the introduction of standardized molecular techniques for detection and typing is still missing.

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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Immunological Diagnosis of Human Tularemia

Cited by 72 publications

References 14 publications

Immunogenicity and toxicity of lipopolysaccharide from Francisella tularensis LVS

Immunogenicity and toxicity of lipopolysaccharide from Francisella tularensis LVS

Development of a hyena immunology toolbox

Diagnostic Procedures in Tularaemia with Special Focus on Molecular and Immunological Techniques

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