Enzymes and Their Forms Used in Detection of Organophosphorus Compounds

Abstract

Еnzymes are able to effectively interact with various organophosphorus compounds (OPC), entering into (bio)chemical reactions with them. Changes in the initial activity of enzymes as a result of their inhibition by OPC, the formation of OPC degradation products under the action of hydrolytic enzymes, etc. can be determined using different physical and chemical methods and used in bioanalytic systems to determine the concentrations of OPC. The purpose of the review is to analyze the main scientific results achieved over the past 10 years in the development of analytical systems based on enzymes intended for the determination of OPC. It is shown in the article, that the requirements for the sensitivity of biosensors are based on the norms of the content of the analyzed substances detected in/at the objects of mandatory control. The cholinesterases compose a basis for the development of the largest number of ultra-sensitive biosensors, although other enzymes can be successfully used as a biosensitive element. The most technologically advanced solution that is close to the practical implementation seems to be bioanalytical systems using immobilized enzymes. Improving the detection limits of the OPC can be achieved by using nanoobjects together with modern methods of signal transducers, for example, with nanomechanical detectors and signal converters. This combination of technical solutions ensures the sensitivity of the OPC analysis up to pg/l. At present, «reagentless» systems have received significant development, which have become the basis for the production of a large number of commercially available strips for the express determination of OPC. Modern demands stimulate the rapid development of portable and, especially, wearable biosensors that can be attached to various surfaces, including a clothing. The progress in the development of affine amino acid sequences, in the future, will allow the creation of enzyme biosensors on any surface.

Simple Chemical and Cholinesterase Methods for the Detection of Nerve Agents Using Optical Evaluation

“…The current level of technology is very advanced, allowing the construction of biosensors for a variety of purposes, including mobile miniature chips that can be attached to clothing or directly to the skin [69]. It is evident that the development of systems for the…”

“…The current level of technology is very advanced, allowing the construction of biosensors for a variety of purposes, including mobile miniature chips that can be attached to clothing or directly to the skin [69]. It is evident that the development of systems for the registration and evaluation of the analytical signal is very dynamic and promising in many respects (see Section 5.3.4 for more details), but it must be kept in mind that the essence of the cholinesterase method is the properties of the enzymes and their sensitivity to NAs; the sensors and the corresponding design solutions "only" more or less mediate the analytical signal.…”