Enzymes for Detoxification of Various Mycotoxins: Origins and Mechanisms of Catalytic Action

Lyagin, Ilya; Ефременко, Елена

doi:10.3390/molecules24132362

Cited by 129 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 174 publications

(240 reference statements)

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“…This suggests that heat-sensitive, high-molecular weight compounds may play a significant role in AF degradation (Vijayanandraj et al, 2014;Ponzilacqua et al, 2019). Indeed, many enzymes, also belonging to plants, have been described for their ability to degrade AFs (Loi et al, 2017;Lyagin and Efremenko, 2019). Among them, polyphenol oxidases and laccases may also use low molecular weight compounds as redox mediators, thus enhancing their degradation capability through a synergistic or additive mechanism (Loi et al, 2018).…”

Section: Aflatoxin Degradation Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Bioactive Compounds in Pre- and Postharvest Management for Aflatoxins Reduction

et al. 2020

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Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp., known for their hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic activity in humans and animals. AF contamination of staple food commodities is a global concern due to their toxicity and the economic losses they cause. Different strategies have been applied to reduce fungal contamination and AF production. Among them, the use of natural, plant-derived compounds is emerging as a promising strategy to be applied to control both Aspergillus spoilage and AF contamination in food and feed commodities in an integrated pre-and postharvest management. In particular, phenols, aldehydes, and terpenes extracted from medicinal plants, spices, or fruits have been studied in depth. They can be easily extracted, they are generally recognized as safe (GRAS), and they are foodgrade and act through a wide variety of mechanisms. This review investigated the main compounds with antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic activity, also elucidating their physiological role and the different modes of action and synergies. Plant bioactive compounds are shown to be effective in modulating Aspergillus spp. contamination and AF production both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, their application in pre-and postharvest management could represent an important tool to control aflatoxigenic fungi and to reduce AF contamination.

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Section: Aflatoxin Degradation Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Bioactive Compounds in Pre- and Postharvest Management for Aflatoxins Reduction

et al. 2020

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“…Otherwise, the unconjugated AFBO is alternatively hydrolyzed to AFB1-dihydrodiol, which is reversibly converted to AFB1-dialdehyde [ 34 , 90 , 138 ]. AFB1-dialdehyde is metabolized by the enzymes of aldo-keto reductase subfamily 7 (AKR7) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) to form the nontoxic AFB1-dialcohol metabolite in humans, rats, mice, and pigs [ 123 , 139 , 140 ].…”

Section: Biotransformation Of Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

Tran

Viktorová

Ruml

2020

Toxins

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The determination of mycotoxins content in food is not sufficient for the prediction of their potential in vivo cytotoxicity because it does not reflect their bioavailability and mutual interactions within complex matrices, which may significantly alter the toxic effects. Moreover, many mycotoxins undergo biotransformation and metabolization during the intestinal absorption process. Biotransformation is predominantly the conversion of mycotoxins meditated by cytochrome P450 and other enzymes. This should transform the toxins to nontoxic metabolites but it may possibly result in unexpectedly high toxicity. Therefore, the verification of biotransformation and bioavailability provides valuable information to correctly interpret occurrence data and biomonitoring results. Among all of the methods available, the in vitro models using monolayer formed by epithelial cells from the human colon (Caco-2 cell) have been extensively used for evaluating the permeability, bioavailability, intestinal transport, and metabolism of toxic and biologically active compounds. Here, the strengths and limitations of both in vivo and in vitro techniques used to determine bioavailability are reviewed, along with current detailed data about biotransformation of mycotoxins. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of mycotoxin effects is also discussed regarding the disorder of intestinal barrier integrity induced by mycotoxins.

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“…The terminal furan group is another key target for the detoxification of aflatoxins, especially that it is directly involved in the toxicity of many aflatoxins [225]. In recent years, there has been a great interest in aflatoxin-modifying enzymes, which specifically target and modify the terminal furan [226] or the lactone [227] moiety, as a convenient, cost-effective and low risk method to detoxify aflatoxins or generate derivatives with significantly lower toxicities [226][227][228]. In this regard, F 240 -dependent reductases appear to have a great potential as aflatoxin-detoxifying enzymes owing to their high reducing activity on the lactone ring of the toxin and their widespread distribution among members of the Actinomycetales order [227].…”

Section: Decontaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Benkerroum

2020

IJERPH

192

112

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This review aims to update the main aspects of aflatoxin production, occurrence and incidence in selected countries, and associated aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Means to reduce aflatoxin incidence in crops were also presented, with an emphasis on the environmentally-friendly technology using atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins are unavoidable widespread natural contaminants of foods and feeds with serious impacts on health, agricultural and livestock productivity, and food safety. They are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species distributed on three main sections of the genus (section Flavi, section Ochraceorosei, and section Nidulantes). Poor economic status of a country exacerbates the risk and the extent of crop contamination due to faulty storage conditions that are usually suitable for mold growth and mycotoxin production: temperature of 22 to 29 °C and water activity of 0.90 to 0.99. This situation paralleled the prevalence of high liver cancer and the occasional acute aflatoxicosis episodes that have been associated with these regions. Risk assessment studies revealed that Southeast Asian (SEA) and Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries remain at high risk and that, apart from the regulatory standards revision to be more restrictive, other actions to prevent or decontaminate crops are to be taken for adequate public health protection. Indeed, a review of publications on the incidence of aflatoxins in selected foods and feeds from countries whose crops are classically known for their highest contamination with aflatoxins, reveals that despite the intensive efforts made to reduce such an incidence, there has been no clear tendency, with the possible exception of South Africa, towards sustained improvements. Nonetheless, a global risk assessment of the new situation regarding crop contamination with aflatoxins by international organizations with the required expertise is suggested to appraise where we stand presently.

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Enzymes for Detoxification of Various Mycotoxins: Origins and Mechanisms of Catalytic Action

Cited by 129 publications

References 174 publications

Plant Bioactive Compounds in Pre- and Postharvest Management for Aflatoxins Reduction

Plant Bioactive Compounds in Pre- and Postharvest Management for Aflatoxins Reduction

Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer

Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

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