Enzymology of Melanin Formation

Solano, Francisco; García‐Borrón, José C.

doi:10.1002/9780470987100.ch14

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…A number of structural proteins and enzymes are involved in the biogenesis of melanin (Brilliant 2006; Hearing 2006; Solano and Garcia-Borron, 2006; Takeda and Shibahara, 2006). …”

Section: Definition Classification and Basic Physicochemical Propmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease

Zucca

Segura‐Aguilar

Ferrari

et al. 2017

Progress in Neurobiology

545

482

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There are several interrelated mechanisms involving iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin in neurons. Neuromelanin accumulates during aging and is the catecholamine-derived pigment of the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus, the two neuronal populations most targeted in Parkinson’s disease. Many cellular redox reactions rely on iron, however an altered distribution of reactive iron is cytotoxic. In fact, increased levels of iron in the brain of Parkinson’s disease patients are present. Dopamine accumulation can induce neuronal death; however, excess dopamine can be removed by converting it into a stable compound like neuromelanin, and this process rescues the cell. Interestingly, the main iron compound in dopamine and norepinephrine neurons is the neuromelanin-iron complex, since neuromelanin is an effective metal chelator. Neuromelanin serves to trap iron and provide neuronal protection from oxidative stress. This equilibrium between iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin is crucial for cell homeostasis and in some cellular circumstances can be disrupted. Indeed, when neuromelanin-containing organelles accumulate high load of toxins and iron during aging a neurodegenerative process can be triggered. In addition, neuromelanin released by degenerating neurons activates microglia and the latter cause neurons death with further release of neuromelanin, then starting a self-propelling mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Considering the above issues, age-related accumulation of neuromelanin in dopamine neurons shows an interesting link between aging and neurodegeneration.

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“…A number of structural proteins and enzymes are involved in the biogenesis of melanin (Brilliant 2006; Hearing 2006; Solano and Garcia-Borron, 2006; Takeda and Shibahara, 2006). …”

Section: Definition Classification and Basic Physicochemical Propmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease

Zucca

Segura‐Aguilar

Ferrari

et al. 2017

Progress in Neurobiology

545

482

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, skin colour is influenced by intrinsic factors (e.g. skin types I–VI), and extrinsic factors, such as exposure to sunlight …”

Section: Skin Pigmentation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most potent way to influence melanin synthesis is by sunlight exposure, which induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) to act as a signal for the proliferation of melanocytes and melanogenesis …”

Section: Skin Pigmentation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…skin types I-VI), and extrinsic factors, such as exposure to sunlight. 23,[30][31][32] The key enzyme in melanin synthesis is tyrosinase (TYR). Transcription of TYR is controlled by the microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), a key regulator of the melanogenesis.…”

Section: Skin Pigmentation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…30,32,33 The most potent way to influence melanin synthesis is by sunlight exposure, which induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) to act as a signal for the proliferation of melanocytes and melanogenesis. 30,31,34 Mechanism of action of skin whitening agents Skin depigmentation can be achieved by interfering before, during or after melanin synthesis. Because TYR is a crucial enzyme in melanogenesis, it also plays a key role in the depigmentation process.…”

Section: Skin Pigmentation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overview of skin whitening agents with an insight into the illegal cosmetic market in Europe

Desmedt

Courselle

Beer

et al. 2016

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Lightening skin tone is an ancient and well-documented practice, and remains common practice among many cultures. Whitening agents such as corticosteroids, tretinoin and hydroquinone are medically applied to effectively lighten the skin tone of hyperpigmented lesions. However, when these agents are used cosmetically, they are associated with a variety of side-effect. Alternative agents, such as arbutin and its derivatives kojic acid and nicotinamide have been subsequently developed for cosmetic purposes. Unfortunately, some cosmetics contain whitening agents that are banned for use in cosmetic products. This article provides an overview of the mode of action and potential side-effects of cosmetic legal and illegal whitening agents, and the pattern of use of these types of products. Finally, an EU analysis of the health problems due to the presence of illegal products on the market is summarized.

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2010

The Colors of Mice

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Enzymology of Melanin Formation

Cited by 17 publications

References 149 publications

Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease

Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease

Overview of skin whitening agents with an insight into the illegal cosmetic market in Europe

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