Eobania vermiculata whole-body muscle extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles enhanced skin regeneration and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in vivo

Abstract

Background Usually, wounds recover in four to six weeks. Wounds that take longer time than this to heal are referred to as chronic wounds. Impaired healing can be caused by several circumstances like hypoxia, microbial colonization, deficiency of blood flow, reperfusion damage, abnormal cellular reaction and deficiencies in collagen production. Treatment of wounds can be enhanced through systemic injection of the antibacterial drugs and/or other topical applications of medications. However, there are a number of disadvantages to these techniques, including the limited or insufficient medication penetration into the underlying skin tissue and the development of bacterial resistance with repeated antibiotic treatment. One of the more recent treatment options may involve using nanotherapeutics in combination with naturally occurring biological components, such as snail extracts (SE). In this investigation, chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) were loaded with an Eobania vermiculata whole-body muscle extract. The safety of the synthesized NPs was investigated in vitro to determine if these NPs might be utilized to treat full-skin induced wounds in vivo. Results SEM and TEM images showed uniformly distributed, spherical, smooth prepared CS NPs and snail extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SE-CS NPs) with size ranges of 76–81 and 91–95 nm, respectively. The zeta potential of the synthesized SE-CS NPs was − 24.5 mV, while that of the CS NPs was 25 mV. SE-CS NPs showed a remarkable, in vitro, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Successfully, SE-CS NPs (50 mg/kg) reduced the oxidative stress marker (malondialdehyde), reduced inflammation, increased the levels of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione), and assisted the healing of induced wounds. SE-CS NPs (50 mg/kg) can be recommended to treat induced wounds safely. SE was composed of a collection of several wound healing bioactive components [fatty acids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins) that were loaded on CS NPs. Conclusions The nanostructure enabled bioactive SE components to pass through cell membranes and exhibit their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, accelerating the healing process of wounds. Finally, it is advised to treat rats’ wounds with SE-CS NPs. Graphical abstract

Synthetic Bacterial Consortia Transplantation Attenuates Vaginal Inflammation and Modulates the Immune Response in a Mouse Model of Gardnerella vaginalis-Induced Bacterial Vaginosis

“…The involvement of the innate immune system in the anti-BV effects of SBCT and VMT was further investigated by assessing the expression of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in vaginal tissues. The increased expression of TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 in the GVI group is consistent with the activation of NF-κB signaling and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory mediators (Farid et al 2023). The downregulation of these biomarkers in the treated groups suggests that SBCT and VMT inhibit NF-κB activation and attenuate the local inflammatory response (Zhang and He 2024).…”

Desert date seed extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles ameliorate hyperglycemia and insulin deficiency through the reduction in oxidative stress and inflammation

“…The C solution received an addition of sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) solution with continuous mixing at room temperature for 1 h until C NPs is formed. SeEx (5 mg/ml) was mixed with TPP solution for the preparation of SeEx-C NPs 18 . The size and form of the produced NPs were determined using the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively.…”

“…The antioxidant activity of the prepared SeEx and SeEx-C NPs were evaluated from the free radical scavenging effect using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) according to Farid et al . 18 . Different concentrations of SeEx and SeEx-C NPs were mixed with DPPH solution and allowed to stand for 30 min at room temperature.…”

“…Prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were measured to evaluate the anticoagulant activity of SeEx and SeEx-C NPs with the use of heparin as a control 18 . Membrane stabilizing assay, using rats’ red blood cells, was used to assess the anti-inflammatory capacity of SeEx and SeEx-C NPs.…”

“…The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2–5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of prepared SeEx and SeEx-NPs 18 . Different concentrations were mixed with RPMI culturing media and added to Caco-2 cells monolayers in plates and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C in 5% CO 2 .…”