Eosinophils in Helminth Infection: Defenders and Dupes

Huang, Lu; Appleton, Judith A.

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.004

Cited by 194 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Furthermore, expression of MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules on activated eosinophils following infection with T. muris and Brugia malayi (101, 102) suggests that eosinophils might contribute to establish long-term protection against helminths by promoting adaptive immune responses. However, it has also been shown that host-protective responses remain largely intact in eosinophil-deficient mice following primary infection with S. mansoni, T. muris, S. stercolaris and N. brasiliensis (103). By contrast, mice lacking eosinophils exhibit increased worm burdens after primary infection with H. polygyrus and B. malayi (103), suggesting that the role of eosinophils in promoting immunity may be parasite-specific.…”

Section: Innate Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Type 2 Cytokine Responses: Regulating Immunity to Helminth Parasites and Allergic Inflammation

2017

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Purpose of Review It is well established that T helper type 2 (TH2) immune responses are necessary to provide protection against helminth parasites but also to promote the detrimental inflammation associated with allergies and asthma. Given the importance of type 2 immunity and inflammation, many studies have focused on better understanding the factors that regulate TH2 cell development and activation. As a result, significant progress has been made in understanding the signaling pathways and molecular events necessary to promote TH2 cell polarization. In addition to the adaptive compartment, emerging studies are better defining the innate immune pathways needed to promote TH2 cell responses. Given the recent and substantial growth of this field, the purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies defining the innate immune events that promote immunity to helminth parasites and allergic inflammation. Recent Findings Emerging studies have begun to elucidate the importance of cytokine alarmins such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-25 (IL-17E) and IL-33 in promoting type 2 immunity and inflammation following helminth challenge or exposure to allergens. Specifically, recent reports have begun to define the complex cellular networks these alarmins activate and their contribution to type 2 immunity and inflammation. Summary Our increased understanding of the pathways that regulate type 2 cytokine-mediated immunity and inflammation have revealed novel therapeutic targets to treat both helminth infections and allergic disease states.

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Section: Innate Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Type 2 Cytokine Responses: Regulating Immunity to Helminth Parasites and Allergic Inflammation

2017

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“…1,2 The mobilization of mucosal immunity in the context of enteric helminth infection is multi-faceted, complex and intriguing but a comprehensive discussion of such is beyond the scope of this commentary: the reader is referred to excellent recent reviews of this topic. [3][4][5][6][7][8] For the purposes of this review we will use 'epithelial permeability' to denote studies that address the physical properties of the epithelial layer and 'barrier function' is used as a more encompassing term that refers to the many extrinsic (e.g. mucus, IgA, commensal microbiota) components of the intestinal barrier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helminths and intestinal barrier function

2017

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Approximately one-sixth of the worlds' population is infected with helminths and this class of parasite takes a major toll on domestic livestock. The majority of species of parasitic helminth that infect mammals live in the gut (the only niche for tapeworms) where they contact the hosts' epithelial cells. Here, the helminth-intestinal epithelial interface is reviewed in terms of the impact on, and regulation of epithelial barrier function, both intrinsic (epithelial permeability) and extrinsic (mucin, bacterial peptides, commensal bacteria) elements of the barrier. The data available on direct effects of helminths on epithelial permeability are scant, fragmentary and pales in comparison with knowledge of mobilization of immune reactions and effector cells in response to helminth parasites and how these impact intestinal barrier function. The interaction of helminth-host and helminthhost-bacteria is an important determinant of gut form and function and precisely defining these interactions will radically alter our understanding of normal gut physiology and pathophysiological reactions, revealing new approaches to infection with parasitic helminths, bacterial pathogens and idiopathic auto-inflammatory disease.

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“…Therefore, based on their ability to degranulate and release their cationic granule proteins (which have been shown to kill helminths in vitro ), eosinophils were postulated to have evolved to exert host-protective, helminthotoxic functions. However, multiple studies, including those in eosinophil-deficient or eosinophil-enriched ( Il5 -transgenic) mice, have shown more nuanced roles for eosinophils 5,6 . In many experimental models of helminth infection, eosinophils were not shown to have any protective effects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Functions of tissue-resident eosinophils

2017

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Eosinophils are a prominent cell type in particular host responses such as the response to helminth infection and allergic disease. Their effector functions have been attributed to their capacity to release cationic proteins stored in cytoplasmic granules by degranulation. However, eosinophils are now being recognized for more varied functions in previously underappreciated diverse tissue sites, based on the ability of eosinophils to release cytokines (often preformed) that mediate a broad range of activities into the local environment. In this Review, we consider evolving insights into the tissue distribution of eosinophils and their functional immunobiology, which enable eosinophils to secrete in a selective manner cytokines and other mediators that have diverse, ‘non-effector’ functions in health and disease.

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Eosinophils in Helminth Infection: Defenders and Dupes

Cited by 194 publications

References 86 publications

Type 2 Cytokine Responses: Regulating Immunity to Helminth Parasites and Allergic Inflammation

Type 2 Cytokine Responses: Regulating Immunity to Helminth Parasites and Allergic Inflammation

Helminths and intestinal barrier function

Functions of tissue-resident eosinophils

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