Epidemic Shiga Bacillus Dysentery in Central America. II. Epidemiologic Studies in 1969

Ej, Gangarosa; Dr, Perera; Lj, Mata; Mendizábal-Morris, C; Guzmán, Guillermo; Lb, Reller

doi:10.1093/infdis/122.3.181

Cited by 90 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…During this gap, large outbreaks occurred in Central America: Guatemala in 1968–69 [20,21]; El Salvador [22], Honduras [22], Mexico in 1969 [23]; and Costa Rica in 1970 [22]. A 1972 manuscript mentioned a large outbreak in Bangladesh, although Sd1 is reported to be endemic in this region [24].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using European travellers as an early alert to detect emerging pathogens in countries with limited laboratory resources

Guérin

Grais²,

Røttingen

et al. 2007

BMC Public Health

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Background: The volume, extent and speed of travel have dramatically increased in the past decades, providing the potential for an infectious disease to spread through the transportation network. By collecting information on the suspected place of infection, existing surveillance systems in industrialized countries may provide timely information for areas of the world without adequate surveillance currently in place. We present the results of a case study using reported cases of Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (Sd1) in European travellers to detect "events" of Sd1, related to either epidemic cases or endemic cases in developing countries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using European travellers as an early alert to detect emerging pathogens in countries with limited laboratory resources

Guérin

Grais²,

Røttingen

et al. 2007

BMC Public Health

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“…Our interest in developing a vaccine to prevent Shiga dysentery is driven by two motivations: (i) to have a practical (17,19,35,47) and (ii) to provide a vaccine for reactive intervention to protect U.S. populations in the face of a deliberate bioterror release of S. dysenteriae 1 by nefarious individuals, recognizing that the immunological susceptibility of the U.S. population, the high transmissibility and multiple antibiotic resistance of current strains of this pathogen, and the severity of the disease it causes (that can be fatal even for healthy adults) make it a fearsome category B bioterror pathogen. We pursued a strategy to develop live oral vaccine candidates following the proof of principle provided by the streptomycin-dependent live oral vaccines (of other serotypes) that conferred a high level of protection against natural disease in controlled field trials (33,34) and as a result of our experience in genetic manipulation and engineering of other serotypes of Shigella.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…dysenteriae 1 has caused explosive epidemics and pandemics in Central America in the 1960s and 1970s and more recently in Africa and Asia (5,17,29,35,47). Epidemics occur in regions where there is a low background level of immunity and in situations where there is crowding combined with poor hygiene, such as refugee camps.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Live Attenuated Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 Vaccine Strains Overexpressing Shiga Toxin B Subunit

Grassel

Levine

et al. 2011

Infect Immun

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Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 (S. dysenteriae 1) is unique among the Shigella species and serotypes in the expression of Shiga toxin which contributes to more severe disease sequelae and the ability to cause explosive outbreaks and pandemics. S. dysenteriae 1 shares characteristics with other Shigella species, including the capability of causing clinical illness with a very low inoculum (10 to 100 CFU) and resistance to multiple antibiotics, underscoring the need for efficacious vaccines and therapeutics. Following the demonstration of the successful attenuating capacity of deletion mutations in the guaBA operon in S. flexneri 2a vaccine strains in clinical studies, we developed a series of S. dysenteriae 1 vaccine candidates containing the fundamental attenuating mutation in guaBA. All strains are devoid of Shiga toxin activity by specific deletion of the gene encoding the StxA subunit, which encodes enzymatic activity. The StxB subunit was overexpressed in several derivatives by either plasmid-based constructs or chromosomal manipulation to include a strong promoter. All strains are attenuated for growth in vitro in the HeLa cell assay and for plaque formation and were safe in the Serény test and immunogenic in the guinea pigs. Each strain induced robust serum and mucosal anti-S. dysenteriae 1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) responses and protected against wild-type challenge. Two strains engineered to overexpress StxB induced high titers of Shiga toxin neutralizing antibodies. These candidates demonstrate the potential for a live attenuated vaccine to protect against disease caused by S. dysenteriae 1 and potentially to protect against the toxic effects of other Shiga toxin 1-expressing pathogens.Within the genus Shigella, four species, including S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and S. boydii, cause diarrheal disease and dysentery in humans. It is estimated that more than 160 million cases of shigellosis and 1

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“…It shortens the duration of fever, diarrhea, and toxemia (1,22) and probably also reduces the risk of lethal complications (10,26). The concomitant shortening of the period in which the infecting organisms are excreted in stools is important epidemiologically to minimize spread of the infection, because shigellosis is usually disseminated by person-to-person transmission (1,8,22,29).…”

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confidence: 99%

Increasing antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Israel during the period 1984 to 1992

Ashkenazi¹,

May-Zahav²,

Sulkes³

et al. 1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Recent (1984 to 1992) trends in the antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Israel were studied by analyzing the results of 106,000 stool cultures, 3,511 of which yielded Shigella spp. Over the study period, resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) increased from 59 to 92% (P ‫؍‬ 0.0038) and that to ampicillin increased from 13 to 86% (P < 0.0001). Resistances to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, and broad-spectrum cephalosporins remained low. Shigella sonnei, which currently accounts for 90% of Shigella infections, was more resistant than S. flexneri to TMP-SMX (81 versus 57%, P < 10 ؊6 ), ampicillin (42 versus 32%, P < 10 ؊5 ), and tetracycline (38 versus 28%, P < 10 ؊5 ). S. boydii and S. dysenteriae were relatively rare. Seasonality in antimicrobial resistance was found, with summer isolates being less resistant to TMP-SMX, ampicillin, or both than isolates obtained over the rest of the year (P < 10 ؊5

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Epidemic Shiga Bacillus Dysentery in Central America. II. Epidemiologic Studies in 1969

Cited by 90 publications

References 5 publications

Using European travellers as an early alert to detect emerging pathogens in countries with limited laboratory resources

Using European travellers as an early alert to detect emerging pathogens in countries with limited laboratory resources

Live Attenuated Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 Vaccine Strains Overexpressing Shiga Toxin B Subunit

Increasing antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Israel during the period 1984 to 1992

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