Epidemiologic and phenomenological aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder: DSM-III-R diagnosis and diagnostic criteria not validated

Maes, Michaël; Delmeire, Laure; Schotte, Christiaan; Janča, Aleksandar; Creten, Thomas; Mylle, Jacques; Struyf, Anja; Pison, Greet; Rousseeuw, Peter J.

doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00095-x

Cited by 49 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The CIDI-PTSD module, is a structured diagnostic interview that covers all DSM-III-R (APA 1987) criteria for PTSD. Because we were unable to validate the DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for PTSD in factor and cluster analytic studies performed on 185 victims from the above traumatic events, we reclassified the patients according to results of cluster analysis, which divided the 185 victims in cases and noncases (Maes et al 1998a;1998b). This cluster analyti-cally derived classification was less conservative than that of the DSM-III-R. Of the 13 PTSD patients included here, nine had PTSD according to DSM-III-R criteria, and four patients were classified as being PTSD cases according to the cluster analysis.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Markers of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with and without Major Depression

Maes

1999

Neuropsychopharmacology

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Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Markers of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with and without Major Depression

Maes

1999

Neuropsychopharmacology

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“…Results again supported this two-factor, hierarchical model in samples of motor vehicle accident survivors and United Nations peacekeepers, respectively. Maes et al (1998aMaes et al ( , 1998b) also found a two-factor model, labeled depression/avoidance and anxiety/arousal, to provide the best fit in their sample of fire and motor vehicle accident survivors. In a quite comprehensive effort, Anthony et al (1999) compared 10 symptom models in a large group of children exposed to a hurricane (N = 5664), including a model based on the DSM and a model based on Taylor et al (1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…To date, exploratory factor analyses of DSM-III-R/DSM-IV PTSD symptoms have been conducted with numerous populations, including survivors of fires, motor vehicle accidents and assaults, United Nations peacekeepers, refugees, and military veterans (Fawzi et al, 1997;Foa, Riggs, & Gershuny, 1995;Keane, 1993;Maes et al, 1998aMaes et al, , 1998bSack, Seeley, & Clarke, 1997;Shelby, Golden-Kreutz, & Andersen, 2005;Smith, Redd, DuHamel, Vickberg, & Ricketts, 1999;Smith, Perrin, Dyregrov, & Yule, 2003;Stewart et al, 1999;Taylor, Kuch, Koch, Crockett, & Passey, 1998). Two-, three-, four-, and five-factor solutions have been reported, with no solution clearly paralleling the symptom clusters suggested by the most recent versions of the DSM.Along with these exploratory factor analyses, numerous confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of DSM-III-R/DSM-IV PTSD symptoms have been conducted (Andrews, Joseph, Shevlin, & Troop, 2006;Anthony, Lonigan, & Hecht, 1999;Anthony et al, 2005;Asmundson et al, 2000;Asmundson, Wright, McCreary, & Pedlar, 2003;Baschnagel, O'Connor, Colder, & Hawk, 2005;Buckley, Blanchard, & Hickling, 1998;Cordova, Studts, Hann, Jacobsen, & Andrykowski, 2000;DuHamel et al, 2004;King, Leskin, King, & Weathers, 1998;Maes et al, 1998aMaes et al, , 1998bMarshall, 2004;McWilliams, Cox, & Asmundson, 2005;Palmieri & Fitzgerald, 2005; Palmieri, Marshall, & Schell, 2007; Palmieri, Weathers, Difede, & King, 2007;Sack et al, 1997;Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002;Stewart et al, 2004). CFAs have several advantages over exploratory factor analyses in elucidating the structure of PTSD symptoms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initial factor analyses of PTSD symptoms were exploratory in nature; direct testing of hypotheses regarding the nature of these symptoms is not possible with such analyses. To date, exploratory factor analyses of DSM-III-R/DSM-IV PTSD symptoms have been conducted with numerous populations, including survivors of fires, motor vehicle accidents and assaults, United Nations peacekeepers, refugees, and military veterans (Fawzi et al, 1997;Foa, Riggs, & Gershuny, 1995;Keane, 1993;Maes et al, 1998aMaes et al, , 1998bSack, Seeley, & Clarke, 1997;Shelby, Golden-Kreutz, & Andersen, 2005;Smith, Redd, DuHamel, Vickberg, & Ricketts, 1999;Smith, Perrin, Dyregrov, & Yule, 2003;Stewart et al, 1999;Taylor, Kuch, Koch, Crockett, & Passey, 1998). Two-, three-, four-, and five-factor solutions have been reported, with no solution clearly paralleling the symptom clusters suggested by the most recent versions of the DSM.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along with these exploratory factor analyses, numerous confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of DSM-III-R/DSM-IV PTSD symptoms have been conducted (Andrews, Joseph, Shevlin, & Troop, 2006;Anthony, Lonigan, & Hecht, 1999;Anthony et al, 2005;Asmundson et al, 2000;Asmundson, Wright, McCreary, & Pedlar, 2003;Baschnagel, O'Connor, Colder, & Hawk, 2005;Buckley, Blanchard, & Hickling, 1998;Cordova, Studts, Hann, Jacobsen, & Andrykowski, 2000;DuHamel et al, 2004;King, Leskin, King, & Weathers, 1998;Maes et al, 1998aMaes et al, , 1998bMarshall, 2004;McWilliams, Cox, & Asmundson, 2005;Palmieri & Fitzgerald, 2005;Palmieri, Marshall, & Schell, 2007;Palmieri, Weathers, Difede, & King, 2007;Sack et al, 1997;Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002;Stewart et al, 2004). CFAs have several advantages over exploratory factor analyses in elucidating the structure of PTSD symptoms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The structure of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in three female trauma samples: A comparison of interview and self-report measures

Scher

McCreary

Asmundson

et al. 2008

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

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Empirical research increasingly suggests that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is comprised of four factors: re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal. Nonetheless, there remains some inconsistency in the findings of factor analyses that form the bulk of this empirical literature.One source of such inconsistency may be assessment measure idiosyncrasies. To examine this issue, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses of interview and self-report data across three trauma samples. Analyses of the interview data indicated a good fit for a four-factor model across all samples; analyses of the self-report data indicated an adequate fit in two of three samples. Overall, findings suggest that measure idiosyncrasies may account for some of the inconsistency in previous factor analyses of PTSD symptoms. KeywordsFactor structure; Measurement; Post-traumatic stress disorder; Psychological assessment; Test validity; Trauma Both the revised third edition and the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R, DSM-IV; American Psychiatric and Association, 1987, 1994) classify post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as an anxiety disorder that develops in response to a perceived traumatic event. The diagnosis of PTSD is further characterized by three distinct symptom clusters: (1) re-experiencing of the traumatic event through such phenomena as dreams, flashbacks, and intrusive, distressing thoughts; (2) avoidance and © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 714 278 8428; fax: +1 714 278 7134. cscher@fullerton.edu (C.D. Scher).. Publisher's Disclaimer: This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. (Foa, Zinbarg, & Rothbaum, 1992), and may bear different functional relationships with interpersonal functioning, with physical health, and with symptoms often found co-morbid with post-traumatic stress symptoms (Kimerling, Clum, & Wolfe, 2000;Ruscio, Weathers, King, & King, 2002;Stewart, Conrod, Pihl, & Dongier, 1999;Stewart, Pihl, Conrod, & Dongier, 1998). Thus, a clear understanding of the nature of PTSD symptom clusters has the potential to inform both knowledge of how various PTSD symptoms develop and how these symptoms relate to co-occurring difficulties.Nonetheless, since the advent of DSM-III-R, the adequacy of these clusters for describing PTSD has been questioned. Much of this questioning derives from the findings of factor analyses that have consistently reported between two and four factors, and which have not supported the three-factor, hierarchical structure of PTSD symptoms outlined in the DS...

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Managing Psychological Consequences in Disaster Populations

et al. 2008

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Epidemiologic and phenomenological aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder: DSM-III-R diagnosis and diagnostic criteria not validated

Cited by 49 publications

References 43 publications

Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Markers of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with and without Major Depression

Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Markers of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with and without Major Depression

The structure of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in three female trauma samples: A comparison of interview and self-report measures

Managing Psychological Consequences in Disaster Populations

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