Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis

Beasley, Erin A.; Pessôa‐Pereira, Danielle; Scorza, Breanna M.; Petersen, Christine A.

doi:10.3390/ani11113206

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 237 publications

(400 reference statements)

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“…Regarding Greece, the results confirm that the studied CVBDs are enzootic in this country and may occur at a relatively high seroprevalence in apparently healthy dogs, particularly since these pathogens can produce subclinical infections that could be associated with diseases detectable only with laboratory analyses, e.g., early kidney disease [39]. The higher seroprevalence in this group was not surprising, as many of the dogs examined in Greece were previously strays, having little veterinary or preventive care prior to the time of the study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Use of In-Clinic Diagnostic Kits for the Detection of Seropositivity to Leishmania infantum and Other Major Vector-Borne Pathogens in Healthy Dogs

Morelli,

Diakou,

Frangipane di Regalbono

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Canine Vector-Borne Diseases (CVBDs) are widespread in Europe and enzootic in many other countries. Though severe illnesses may occur, dogs living in enzootic areas often show vague or no clinical signs of CVBDs. Undiagnosed infections/co-infections in subclinically infected animals favor the spread of CVBDs and increase the risk of transmission to other animals and, in some cases, humans. This study has evaluated the exposure of dogs living in key enzootic countries, i.e., Italy and Greece, to major CVBDs via the use of in-clinic diagnostic kits. Overall, 300 privately owned dogs without/with single mild clinical signs living in different regions of Italy (n. 150) and Greece (n. 150) were included in the study. As part of a clinical examination, a blood sample was collected from each dog and subjected to two serological rapid tests, i.e., the SNAP® 4Dx®Plus (IDEXX Laboratories Inc.) for the detection of antibodies against Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Dirofilaria immitis antigen and the SNAP® Leishmania (IDEXX Laboratories Inc.) for the detection of antibodies against Leishmania infantum. In all, 51 dogs (17%; 95% CI 12.9–21.7) were seropositive to at least 1 pathogen, i.e., 4 in Italy (2.7%; 95% CI 1.4–13.1) and 47 in Greece (31.3%; 95% CI 24–39.4). Dirofilaria immitis antigens were found in 39 dogs (13%; 95% CI 9.4–17.3), while antibodies against Ehrlichia, Anaplasma and Leishmania were detected in 25 (8.3%; 95% CI 5.5–12.1), 8 (2.7%; 95% CI 1.2–5.2) and 5 (1.7%; 95% CI 0.5–3.8) dogs, respectively. None of the dogs tested seropositive for B. burgdorferi s.l. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate associations between exposure to CVBDs and possible risk factors. The present results indicate that dogs living in enzootic areas may be seropositive for one or more CVBDs in absence of clinical signs. Rapid kits are among first line tools for the detection of CVBDs in clinical settings, as they are cost-effective, straightforward and quick to use. Also, in-clinic tests used herein allowed detection of co-exposure to CVBDs investigated.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Use of In-Clinic Diagnostic Kits for the Detection of Seropositivity to Leishmania infantum and Other Major Vector-Borne Pathogens in Healthy Dogs

Morelli,

Diakou,

Frangipane di Regalbono

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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“…and parasites such as Babesia spp., Neospora spp. and Toxoplasma gondii (Zanette et al, 2014) among others, including Dirofilaria immitis, Paracoccidioides braziliensis (Beasley et al, 2021), as it has been described in the published literature in several regions of Brazil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Cross-reactivity impairs the ability to identify whether a dog is actively experiencing a Leishmania spp. co-infection with T. cruzi if it has had prior exposure to any of the pathogens or cross-reactivity in a diagnostic test (Beasley et al, 2021) or even as a result of co-infections in dogs by multiple trypanosomatids (Porfirio et al, 2018), bacteria such as Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp. and parasites such as Babesia spp., Neospora spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of these co-infections on the epidemiology, immune responses, clinical presentation, and management of Canine Leishmaniasis (CL) are important for understanding the clinical and molecular and epidemiological, clinical and immunological consequences of co-infections during leishmaniasis dogs with other vector-borne diseases can accelerate the progression of CL (Beasley et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the cross-reaction between Leishmania spp and T. cruzi by structural equation model

Botega,

Neto,

Miodutzki

et al. 2023

PRW

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Visceral Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease are characterized by parasitic diseases of wide worldwide distribution caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi, and that, due to phylogenetic homogeneity, share surface antibodies, which may cause cross-reactions in the face of serological tests used in the routine diagnosis of diseases. The present study aimed to analyze the occurrence of cross-seroreactivity between Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi antigens in serum samples from dogs when submitted IFAT, DPP and Elisa serological tests, also verifying the possible correlations and associations between the multiple variables observables and risk factors on seroreactivity using mathematical modeling. Was concluded that there was cross-seroreactivity between the antigens of parasite. The Elisa test, the neighborhood and the clinical signs constituted risk factors for the presence of anti-Leishmania spp. and anti-T. cruzi antibodies. The latent variable had a greater influence for IFRS T. cruzi than for IFRS Leishmania spp. There was a correlation between the observable variable and the results' seroreactivity, and the structural equation model proved to be an excellent tool for data analysis.

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“…Concomitant infections are frequently observed in Leishmania -infected dogs, particularly bacterial ( B. burgdorferi , Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp.) infections [ 91 ]. Ehrlichia spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Macrophage Redox and Apoptotic Processes to Leishmania infantum during Coinfection with the Tick-Borne Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi

Pessôa-Pereira,

Scorza,

Cyndari

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan Leishmania infantum. Dogs with CanL are often coinfected with tick-borne bacterial pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States. These coinfections have been causally associated with hastened disease progression and mortality. However, the specific cellular mechanisms of how coinfections affect microbicidal responses against L. infantum are unknown. We hypothesized that B. burgdorferi coinfection impacts host macrophage effector functions, prompting L. infantum intracellular survival. In vitro experiments demonstrated that exposure to B. burgdorferi spirochetes significantly increased L. infantum parasite burden and pro-inflammatory responses in DH82 canine macrophage cells. Induction of cell death and generation of mitochondrial ROS were significantly decreased in coinfected DH82 cells compared to uninfected and L. infantum-infected cells. Ex vivo stimulation of PBMCs from L. infantum-seronegative and -seropositive subclinical dogs with spirochetes and/or total Leishmania antigens promoted limited induction of IFNγ. Coexposure significantly induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with Th17 differentiation and neutrophilic and monocytic recruitment in PBMCs from L. infantum-seropositive dogs. Excessive pro-inflammatory responses have previously been shown to cause CanL pathology. This work supports effective tick prevention and risk management of coinfections as critical strategies to prevent and control L. infantum progression in dogs.

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Epidemiologic, Clinical and Immunological Consequences of Co-Infections during Canine Leishmaniosis

Cited by 8 publications

References 237 publications

Use of In-Clinic Diagnostic Kits for the Detection of Seropositivity to Leishmania infantum and Other Major Vector-Borne Pathogens in Healthy Dogs

Use of In-Clinic Diagnostic Kits for the Detection of Seropositivity to Leishmania infantum and Other Major Vector-Borne Pathogens in Healthy Dogs

Evaluation of the cross-reaction between Leishmania spp and T. cruzi by structural equation model

Modulation of Macrophage Redox and Apoptotic Processes to Leishmania infantum during Coinfection with the Tick-Borne Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi

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