Epidemiologic evaluation of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs in the United States: 2010‐2015

Abstract

Background Positive health implications of early recognition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis include increased opportunity for nonsurgical removal, early dietary modification to minimize urolith growth, early removal to avoid urinary obstruction, and early recognition of genetic and metabolic diseases before they contribute to additional morbidity. Objectives To identify high‐ and low‐risk dog breeds for CaOx uroliths and to determine the relationship of age and sex to the development of CaOx uroliths. Animals Calcium oxalate urolith submissions between 2010 and 2015. Methods A comparative cross‐sectional study was conducted to identify high‐ and low‐risk breeds for CaOx uroliths by comparing cases to multiple comparison groups. At‐risk breeds were identified if odds ratios were significant (P value <.05) across all comparison groups. Results Of 258 898 urolith submissions, 124 285 were CaOx. Calcium oxalate was identified in 212 breeds. Twelve breeds were identified as high‐risk breeds, and 14 breeds were identified as low‐risk breeds. All high‐risk breeds were small dog breeds, and all low‐risk breeds were medium to large dog breeds. Overall, the mean age ± standard deviation of the first CaOx urolith was 8.4 ± 2.8 years. Conclusions and Clinical Importance To achieve the health benefits of preclinical evaluation, breeds at high risk for CaOx urolithiasis should be screened at 5 to 6 years of age, which is 2 to 3 years before likely development of clinical urolithiasis.

Urolithiasis in dogs: Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and risk factors (2006‐2018)

“…However, this possibility seems unlikely because breed predispositions in our study were similar to those reported by others. 4,6,26 The Standard Poodle, the breed with the highest risk for CaOx-containing uroliths in our study, has been reported as having a predisposition to CaOx urolithiasis in only 2 other studies. 4,5 The Miniature Schnauzer and Bichon Frise have a high risk of CaOx urolithiasis.…”

“…It has been hypothesized that CaOx formation probably is not associated with hormonal differences in dogs. 26 A significant decrease in the proportion of struvite-containing uroliths was observed from 1985 to 2006. 6 We found no significant change in the proportion of struvite-containing uroliths from 2006 to 2018, with struvite-containing uroliths remaining approximately 43% of total urolith submissions.…”

“…Similar to previous studies, middle-aged to older dogs most often were affected by CaOx urolithiasis and male dogs were predisposed. 3,4,6,26 Female dogs were underrepresented, which could be because of anatomical differences allowing voiding of uroliths.…”

Inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling contributes to the epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by sodium oxalate in canine renal epithelial cells

“…Renal tubular epithelial cells is the pivotal cell type that participates in reabsorption and excretion, selectively transport nutrients and metabolic waste [15]. With aging of the companion animals, renal stone has become one of the most common diseases affecting the health of animals [16,17]. However, the mechanism responsible for renal tubular epithelial cell injury during the development of stones has not been fully illuminated.…”

Mechanism of Huayu Jianpi Fangshi decoction in urolithiasis prevention: a randomized trial

“…The recurrence rate after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in 1 year is 6.70%. This rate can reach up to 41.80% in 5 years (1)(2)(3). Repeated urolithiasis increases the patient's pain and financial burden.…”