Epidemiological burden of Chikungunya fever in Brazil, 2016 and 2017

Abstract

Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is a disease caused by the CHIK virus, which belongs to the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus [1]. Its main form of transmission is through bites from mosquitoes belonging to the species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which results in its classification as an arboviral disease. Other, less frequent forms of transmission have been reported in the literature, such as blood transfusion or vertical transmission from mother to foetus during pregnancy [2].CHIKF is an infectious and debilitating disease, and its main symptoms are high fever, skin rash, disabling polyarthralgia, myalgia, headache, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. It has three stages: The acute stage, which usually lasts from the first to the twenty-first day; the post-acute stage, from the twenty-first day until the end of the third month of the disease; and the chronic stage, which begins after three months of persistent joint complaints [3].Laboratory diagnosis can be performed through viral isolation, RT-PCR and/or serology; however, many patients

Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Chikungunya: A Systematic Literature Review

“…In 2017, these values were 87.59, 0.12/100,000, and 0.14%, respectively. In 2016, Brazil lost 77,422.61 DALYs or 0.3757/1000 people, and in 2017, 59,307.59, or 0.2856/1000 people [ 81 ]. The official national surveillance systems (SINAN and SIM) reported 552,023 chikungunya cases between 2014 and 2017, with 403 deaths and a lethality rate (LR) of 0.7/1000 cases.…”

“…About 13.66% of cases may evolve into CCA [ 84 ]. Several articles evaluated the risks of chronicity and found that older age [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , …”

“…Few studies have assessed the severity and hospitalization rates of chikungunya [ 42 , 44 , 48 ] or the risks associated with increasing severity [ 83 ]. Increased age and the presence of comorbidities were principal factors in severity, hospitalization, and mortality in these patients [ 39 , 81 ].…”

“…CHIKV-related mortality is still the subject of scientific debate. However, several articles presented in this review, mainly from South America and involving northeastern Brazil, revealed high mortality rates not necessarily attributable to excess mortality alone [ 66 , 81 ]. Further and detailed postmortem studies might be needed to understand CHIKV-associated mortality in more depth.…”

Chikungunya Vaccine Candidates: Current Landscape and Future Prospects

“…[31][32][33] The fatality rate of CHIKV infection is low and is reported to be 0.1% on La Reunion; however, other publications have reported up to 5%. 34,35 Fatality mainly affects the elderly, neonates and young children, pregnant women and patients with co-morbidities. 36,37 Treatment of patients is limited to symptomatic therapy using analgesics and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain and fever relief.…”