Epidemiological change of influenza virus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection during 2014−2022 in Hubei Province, China

Abstract

Purpose Influenza virus (IFV) causes acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) and leads to high morbidity and mortality annually. This study explored the epidemiological change of IFV after the implementation of the universal two-child policy and evaluated the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the detection of IFV. Methods Hospitalized children under 18 years with ARTI were recruited from Hubei Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Hubei Province from January 2014 to June 2022. The positive rates of IFV were compared among different periods by the implementation of the universal two-child policy and public health measures against COVID-19 pandemic. Results Among 75,128 hospitalized children with ARTI, the positive rate of IFV was 1.98% (1486/75128, 95% CI 1.88–2.01). Children aged 6−17 years had the highest positive rate of IFV (166/5504, 3.02%, 95% CI 2.58−3.50). The positive rate of IFV dropped to the lowest in 2015, then increased constantly and peaked in 2019. After the universal two-child policy implementation, the positive rate of IFV among all the hospitalized children increased from 0.40% during 2014−2015 to 2.70% during 2017−2019 (RR 6.72, 95% CI 4.94−9.13, P < 0.001), particularly children under one year shown a violent increasing trend from 0.20 to 2.01% (RR 10.26, 95% CI 5.47−19.23, P < 0.001). During the initial outbreak of COVID-19, the positive rate of IFV decreased sharply compared to that before COVID-19 (0.35% vs. 3.37%, RR 0.10, 95% CI 0.04−0.28, P < 0.001), and then rebounded to 0.91%, lower than the level before COVID-19 (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.20−0.36, P < 0.001). Conclusion IFV epidemiological pattern has changed after the implementation of the universal two-child policy. More attention should be emphasized to comprehend the health benefits generated by COVID‐19 restrictions on IFV transmission in future.

Cocirculation and coinfection of multiple respiratory viruses during autumn and winter seasons of 2023 in Beijing, China: A retrospective study

“…The dynamics of IBV activity observed in our study was consistent with other places in China 13,16,17 . Beijing upgraded the NPIs like school and workplace closing, cancel public events, as well as restrictions on gatherings during 2021/2022 winter season to prevent the outbreak and spread of Omicron.…”

“…The dynamics of IBV activity observed in our study was consistent with other places in China. 13,16,17 Beijing upgraded the NPIs like school and workplace closing, cancel public events, as well as restrictions on gatherings during 2021/2022 winter season to prevent the outbreak and spread of Omicron. Based on NPIs data set and generalized additive models, Zhang et al 5 reported that "cancelling public events" and "restrictions on internal travel" measures played an important role in the reduction of influenzalike illness.…”

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