Epidemiological Considerations of Psychotic Depression

Pederson, Andreas M.; Barry, David J.; Babigian, Haroutun M.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750260043006

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Most studies began with a mix of patients from a variety of psychiatric services, including inpatient, outpatient, emergency room, and day hospital. In one study, 54% JOHN MICHAEL BOSTWICK AND V. SHANE PANKRATZ had a history of prior hospitalization, and 86% had been hospitalized at least once during the 5-year follow-up period (26). The largest American study of mortality in psychiatric "outpatients," Morrison's San Diego study of 12,000 patients, was, in fact, a report of a mixed group (27).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eleven studies (20,(97)(98)(99)(100)(101)(102)(103)(104)(105)(106) focused specifically on inpatients hospitalized after a suicide attempt or ideation. Seven studies of affective disorder patients (26,(107)(108)(109)(110)(111)(112) began with at least two-thirds of the subjects as outpatients. The information recorded for each group of studies includes the number of studies that could be pooled in our meta-analysis as well as the total number of subjects, deaths, and suicides in each collection of pooled studies.…”

Section: Affective Disorders and Suicide Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Affective Disorders and Suicide Risk: A Reexamination

Bostwick¹,

Pankratz²

2000

AJP

757

400

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The percentage of subjects dead due to suicide (case fatality prevalence) is a more appropriate estimate of suicide risk than the percentage of the dead who died by suicide (proportionate mortality prevalence). More important, it is well established that patients with affective disorders suffer a higher risk of suicide relative to the general population. However, no risk factor, including classification of diagnostic subtype, has been reliably shown to predict suicide. This article demonstrates a hierarchy of risk based on the intensity of the treatment setting. Given that patients with a hospitalization history, particularly when suicidal, have a much elevated suicide prevalence over both psychiatric outpatients and nonpatients, the clinical decision to hospitalize in and of itself appears to be a useful indicator of increased suicide risk.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Affective Disorders and Suicide Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective Disorders and Suicide Risk: A Reexamination

Bostwick¹,

Pankratz²

2000

AJP

757

400

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“…Annual incidence 3.4 per 100.000 persons in 1875-1924 and 3.0 per 100.000 in 1995-1995-2005) 1999. Pederson et al 1972USA (1961-1962 DSM-I Psychiatric case register in Monroe County, New York, USA.…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of psychotic depression – systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2017

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Large amount of data have been published on non-psychotic depression (NPD), schizophrenia (SZ), and bipolar disorder, while psychotic depression (PD) as an own entity has received much smaller attention. We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses on epidemiology, especially incidence and prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of PD. A systematic search to identify potentially relevant studies was conducted using four electronic databases and a manual search. The search identified 1764 unique potentially relevant articles, the final study included 99 articles. We found that the lifetime prevalence of PD varies between 0.35% and 1%, with higher rates in older age. Onset age of PD was earlier than that of NPD in younger samples, but later in older samples. There were no differences in gender distribution in PD v. NPD, but higher proportion of females was found in PD than in SZ or in psychotic bipolar disorder (PBD). Risk factors have rarely been studied, the main finding being that family history of psychosis and bipolar disorder increases the risk of PD. Outcomes of PD were mostly worse when compared with NPD, but better compared with SZ and schizoaffective disorder. The outcome compared with PBD was relatively similar, and somewhat varied depending on the measure of the outcome. Based on this review, the amount of research on PD is far from that of NPD, SZ, and bipolar disorder. Based on our findings, PD seems distinguishable from related disorders and needs more scientific attention.

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“…In Faden's (1977) report of all diagnoses of depression given to psychiatric inpatients in the United States in 1974States in -1975, significantly more men than women were diagnosed as psychotically depressed. Yet in both Rosen, Bahn, and Kramer's (1964) and Pederson, Barry, and Babigian's (1972) reports of psychiatric diagnoses in large samples, significantly more women than men were diagnosed as psychotically depressed. Lemkau, Tietze, and Cooper (1942) reported that 11 women and 5 men out of 3,337 psychiatric patients in a Baltimore hospital in 1936 were given the diagnosis of depressive reaction.…”

Section: Treated Cases Of Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.

Nolen–Hoeksema¹

1987

Psychological Bulletin

1,728

1,039

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A large body of evidence indicates that women are more likely than men to show unipolar depression. Five classes of explanations for these sex differences are examined and the evidence for each class is reviewed. Not one of these explanations adequately accounts for the magnitude of the sex differences in depression. Finally, a response set explanation for the sex differences in depression is proposed. According to this explanation, men are more likely to engage in distracting behaviors that dampen their mood when depressed, but women are more likely to amplify their moods by ruminating about their depressed states and the possible causes of these states. Regardless of the initial source of a depressive episode (i.e., biological or psychological) men's more active responses to their negative moods may be more adaptive on average than women's less active, more ruminative responses. The epidemiology of a disorder can provide important clues to its etiology. When a disorder only strikes persons from one geographical region, one social class, or one gender, we can ask what characteristics of the vulnerable group might be making its members vulnerable. A frequent finding in epidemiological studies of mental disorders is that women are more prone to unipolar affective disorders than are men (Boyd & Weissman, 1981; Weissman & Klerman, 1977). A number of different explanations have been proposed to account for women's greater vulnerability to depression. Previous reviews of these explanations (e.g., Weissman & Klerman, 1977) have been quite brief and uncritical. In this article, the evidence for sex differences in unipolar depression first is summarized, then the most prominent explanations proposed for these sex differences are discussed in detail. These explanations include those attributing the differences to the response biases of subjects, as well as biological, psychoanalytic, sex role, and learned helplessness explanations. Although most of the proposed explanations for sex differences in depression have received some empirical support, not one of them has been definitively supported and not one as yet accounts for the magnitude of sex differences in depression. In the final section of this article it is suggested that differences in the ways that men and women respond to their own depressive episodes, whatever the origin of these episodes, may be an important source of the sex differences observed in depression.

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Epidemiological Considerations of Psychotic Depression

Cited by 29 publications

References 11 publications

Affective Disorders and Suicide Risk: A Reexamination

Affective Disorders and Suicide Risk: A Reexamination

Epidemiology of psychotic depression – systematic review and meta-analysis

Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.

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