Epidemiological Pattern of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C as Etiological Agents for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Iran and Worldwide

Zidan, Ahmed; Scheuerlein, H.; Schüle, Silke; Settmacher, Utz; Rauchfuß, F.

doi:10.5812/hepatmon.6894

Cited by 48 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…For instance, Iran has a low HBV endemicity (around 2%), and intravenous drug injections, tattooing and phlebotomy are considered the major potential risk factors and transmission routes of HBV infection in the country. Furthermore, socioeconomic status, life style, occupation, and cultural attitude in different ethnic groups greatly impact the route of HBV transmission [89,90] .…”

Section: Genotype Epidemiological Distinctionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification of hepatitis B virus genotypes/subgenotypes: Revised classification hurdles and updated resolutions

Pourkarim¹

2014

WJG

164

177

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The clinical course of infections with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) substantially varies between individuals, as a consequence of a complex interplay between viral, host, environmental and other factors. Due to the high genetic variability of HBV, the virus can be categorized into different HBV genotypes and subgenotypes, which considerably differ with respect to geographical distribution, transmission routes, disease progression, responses to antiviral therapy or vaccination, and clinical outcome measures such as cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. However, HBV (sub)genotyping has caused some controversies in the past due to misclassifications and incorrect interpretations of different genotyping methods. Thus, an accurate, holistic and dynamic classification system is essential. In this review article, we aimed at highlighting potential pitfalls in genetic and phylogenetic analyses of HBV and suggest novel terms for HBV classification. Analyzing full-length genome sequences when classifying genotypes and subgenotypes is the foremost prerequisite of this classification system. Careful attention must be paid to all aspects of phylogenetic analysis, such as bootstrapping values and meeting the necessary thresholds for (sub)genotyping. Quasi-subgenotype refers to subgenotypes that were incorrectly suggested to be novel. As many of these strains were misclassified due to genetic differences resulting from recombination, we propose the term "recombino-subgenotype". Moreover, immigration is an important confounding facet of global HBV distribution and substantially changes the geographic pattern of HBV (sub)genotypes. We therefore suggest the term "immigro-subgenotype" to distinguish exotic (sub)genotypes from native ones. We are strongly convinced that applying these two proposed terms in HBV classification will help harmonize this rapidly progressing field and allow for improved prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment.

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Section: Genotype Epidemiological Distinctionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification of hepatitis B virus genotypes/subgenotypes: Revised classification hurdles and updated resolutions

Pourkarim¹

2014

WJG

164

177

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This, in turn, exacerbates the already poor vaccination coverage in such areas. 4 Development of single-dose vaccine formulations could alleviate this problem by eliminating the need for follow-up visits to clinics. However, the development of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) vaccine as a single-dose form with programmed-release profiles, which can stimulate the immune system equipotential to the 3 doses of a common adjuvant (aluminum hydroxide) vaccine, is a challenging task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, preventive vaccination continues to be the most cost-effective solution for HBV-related disease control. 4,5 Currently, HBV vaccination requires 3 administrations (0, 1, and 6 months) for eliciting effective responses. However, completion rate of this standard immunization protocols among adolescents is as low as 11% due to the poor compliance of the multidose protocol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteric trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles containing hepatitis B surface antigen for oral delivery

Farhadian

Dounighi

Avadi³

2015

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Oral vaccination is the preferred route of immunization. However, the degradative condition of the gastrointestinal tract and the higher molecular size of peptides pose major challenges in developing an effective oral vaccination system. One of the most excellent methods used in the development of oral vaccine delivery system relies on the entrapment of the antigen in polymeric nanoparticles. In this work, trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles were fabricated using ionic gelation teqnique by interaction hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), a pHsensitive polymer, with TMC and the utility of the particles in the oral delivery of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was evaluated employing solutions that simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. The particle size, morphology, zeta potential, loading capacity, loading efficiency, in vitro release behavior, structure, and morphology of nanoparticles were evaluated, and the activity of the loaded antigen was assessed. Size of the optimized TMC/HPMCP nanoparticles and that of the antigen-loaded nanoparticles were 85 nm and 158 nm, respectively. Optimum loading capacity (76.75%) and loading efficiency (86.29%) were achieved at 300 mg/mL concentration of the antigen. SEM images revealed a spherical shape as well as a smooth and near-homogenous surface of nanoparticles. Results of the in vitro release studies showed that formulation with HPMCP improved the acid stability of the TMC nanoparticles as well as their capability to preserve the loaded HBsAg from gastric destruction. The antigen showed good activity both before and after loading. The results suggest that TMC/HPMCP nanoparticles could be used in the oral delivery of HBsAg vaccine.

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“…1,2 However, HCV replaced HBV as a major risk factor of HCC in Iran and worldwide. 5,6 The most common sites of distant metastases are the lungs, the adrenal glands, and the bones. 4,7 The incidence of bone metastases from HCC is approximately 2% to 16%; that preferentially metastasizes to the axial skeleton including the vertebrae, the pelvic bones, and the ribs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

Azarpira

Dehghanian²,

Safarian³

et al. 2014

Exp Clin Transplant

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A solitary skull metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma is rare. A 38-year-old man with hepatocellular carcinoma presented to our institution with a palpable temporal scalp mass. We took a magnetic resonance image, and discovered an enhanced and osteolytic skull tumor. The tumor was removed by an occipital craniectomy, and the histologic diagnosis was a cranial metastasis owing to hepatocellular carcinoma.A skull metastasis owing to hepatocellular carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with a subcutaneous scalp mass. Although a distant metastasis can affect the prognosis of the patient, early treatment may improve survival. Key words: Hepatoma, Scalp, Transplant IntroductionHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes approximately 3% of all cancers and is considered one of the most common causes of death from cancer. The incidence varies widely in different areas of the world. Many cases occur in countries where there are high rates of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The highest incidences are found in Asian (China, Taiwan) and African countries. Many of these people are exposed to dietary aflatoxins, derived from the fungus Aspergillus flavus, that when combined with HBV infection, increase the risk of HCC. 1,2 In Western countries, the incidence is increasing, but at a much lower rate than it is in Asian countries. The major causative factors are infections with HBV or hepatitis C virus (HCV), chronic alcoholism, and exposure to aflatoxin. Hemochromatosis and hereditary tyrosinemia less commonly give rise to HCC; the tumor usually develops in persons with cirrhosis. 1,2 In Western countries, the tremendous rise in obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes also are thought to affect the incidence of HCC. Fatty liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis may lead to cirrhosis, and eventually, to HCC. 3 Owing to the current vaccination strategies for HBV infection, screening, and treatment for HCV infections, future incidences and the common causes of HCC may change. 2,3 Hepatocellular carcinoma usually metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and the lungs. The incidence of bone metastases is low. 3,4 Multiple extrahepatic metastases usually develop after resection of the primary liver mass that receives palliative chemotherapy. Only a solitary metastasis, such as our case, should be considered for surgical resection. We report a 38-year-old man with a solitary skull metastasis owing to HCC, who presented to us with a painless scalp mass. Case ReportAt the time of this writing, a 38-year-old man presented at our institution with a scalp mass of 1 month's duration. He had no recent history of a head trauma. On local physical examination, there was a well-defined localized mass over right temporal side of his scalp. We detected no head or neck lymphadenopathy. CASe RePORT Case Report of Skull Metastasis From HepatocellularCarcinoma After a Liver Transplant

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Epidemiological Pattern of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C as Etiological Agents for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Iran and Worldwide

Cited by 48 publications

References 67 publications

Molecular identification of hepatitis B virus genotypes/subgenotypes: Revised classification hurdles and updated resolutions

Molecular identification of hepatitis B virus genotypes/subgenotypes: Revised classification hurdles and updated resolutions

Enteric trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles containing hepatitis B surface antigen for oral delivery

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