Epidemiological patterns of perniosis, and its association with systemic disorder

Abstract

Perniosis is not rare in children, but patients with secondary perniosis are more likely to be older. In terms of underlying systemic disorder, advanced age and male gender may be important demographic features. Measurement of cryoglobulin levels in the initial laboratory investigations of patients with perniosis is not necessary. Persistence beyond the cold seasons, and presence of photosensitivity, hypergammaglobulinaemia and rheumatoid factor may be useful in differentiating between idiopathic and secondary perniosis.

Chilblains in Turkey: a case-control study

“…13 Consistent with this, Takci et al reported that the mean age of the group with secondary chilblains was significantly higher than the group with primary chilblains. 9 The occurrence of chilblains in children has been stated to be uncommon by Gardinal-Galera et al 12 but Takci et al 9 reported that 49% of patients in their study were aged between 0-18. Pediatric patients were present in our study as well.…”

“…9,10 The terms idiopathic or primary have been used to describe chilblains when there is no clinical and/or laboratory sign related to connective tissue disease and other underlying disorder. Atypical chilblains was termed by Viguier et al 10 to classify patients showing one to three of the revised criteria of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) for systemic lupus erythematosus and/or any clinical or laboratory manifestations of connective tissue diseases.…”

“…Atypical chilblains was termed by Viguier et al 10 to classify patients showing one to three of the revised criteria of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) for systemic lupus erythematosus and/or any clinical or laboratory manifestations of connective tissue diseases. Takci et al 9 utilized the term secondary chilblains to describe conditions in which there is known underlying disease. Again, Takci et al 9 defined acute chilblains as lesions occurring for the first time and lasting less than eight weeks.…”

“…Takci et al 9 utilized the term secondary chilblains to describe conditions in which there is known underlying disease. Again, Takci et al 9 defined acute chilblains as lesions occurring for the first time and lasting less than eight weeks. They defined chronic chilblains as lesions lasting at least eight weeks and/or having an episodic course.…”

“…Takci et al, also from Turkey, recruited 51 patients in a two-year period. 9 Chilblains has been stated to be common in southern Brazil. 2 It seems that the incidence of chilblains varies depending on geographic and socioeconomic conditions and even clothing habits which differ between different regions of the world.…”