Epidemiological profile of head and neck cancer patients in Western Uttar Pradesh and analysis of distributions of risk factors in relation to site of tumor

Abstract

HNC accounts for 21.2% of total body malignancy and 47% of all malignancies in males and 2.5% in females. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological type (97%). Maximum incidence of HNC (>60%) was in 40-60 year of age. Male:female ratio was 16:1. Oral cancers were most common HNC in patients below 40 year age group, whereas carcinoma oropharynx and larynx were more common in patients above 40 year age group. Tobacco smoking was a most prevalent risk factor for carcinoma oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. Tobacco chewing was a most prevalent risk factor in females, young males, and carcinoma buccal mucosa patients. Habit of tobacco consumption in HNC patients was much higher than their normal counterpart. Alcohols drinking alone was observed in <1% patient as a risk factor. In oral tongue cancer, smoking and tobacco chewing were equally prevalent. Habit of tobacco chewing and alcohol were significantly higher in carcinoma buccal mucosa than other HNC suggesting synergistic effect specific to this site.

Demographic and Epidemiological Profile in Ent and Head and Neck Cancer Patients

“…Male to female ratio of the registered HNC cases was 3.24:1 in the study conducted by George S Stoyanov et al 3 However, the study conducted by Mohammad Shadab Alam et al found the male to female ratio to be 16:1. 8 Our study concluded that squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type of carcinoma (87.78%). This is followed by adenocarcinoma and lymphoma.…”

“…The main histopathological groups include squamous cell carcinoma 76.74% and adenocarcinoma 6.14% in the study conducted by George S Stoyanov et al 3 Similarly, the study conducted by Mohammad Shadab Alam et al found squamous cell carcinoma to be the most common Head and Neck carcinoma (97% cases). 8 While analysing the risk factors associated with Head and Neck carcinoma, we found that smoking and chewing together was the most common behavioural risk factor.…”

“…Smoking is relatively a more pronounced factor for cancer of pharynx (relative risk [RR] =8.5) and larynx (RR = 7.5) than cancer of oral cavity (RR = 4.9). 10 In the study by Mohammad Shadab Alam et al, 8 smoking was present in >80% cases of cancer of oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx and only 50% cases of oral cancer. There is a 6-fold higher risk of oral cancer among the people having habit of betel nut and tobacco (gutkha).…”

“…Oral tongue (13.5%) and supraglottic larynx (13.5%) had equal incidence. 8 Out of 90 patients, 62 i.e. 68.89% patients were male while 28 cases i.e.…”

Environmental and behavioural head and neck cancer risk factors

“…Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are ranked as the sixth most frequent type of cancer worldwide. It is well known that tobacco and alcohol represent major risk factors for the development of HNCs (1), especially due to their synergistic effect. The human papilloma virus (HPV) is another well-known aetiology factor of some HNCs types and is associated with sexual practices (such as oral/genital/anal sex) (2).…”