Epidemiological studies of CHD and the evolution of preventive cardiology

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) cause nearly one-third of all deaths worldwide. Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for the greatest proportion of CVDs, and risk factors such as hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus or elevated glucose level, elevated cholesterol levels, and obesity or being overweight are the top six causes of death globally. Ecological and population-based longitudinal studies, conducted globally or within individual countries, have established the role of traditional and novel risk factors and measures of subclinical disease in the prediction of CHD. Risk assessment with short-term or long-term risk prediction algorithms can help to identify individuals who would benefit most from risk-factor interventions. Evaluation of novel risk factors and screening for subclinical atherosclerosis can also help to identify individuals at highest cardiovascular risk. Prevention of CHD focuses on identifying and managing risk factors at both the population and individual levels through primordial, primary, and secondary prevention. Epidemiological studies have provided the hypotheses for subsequent clinical trials that have documented the efficacy of risk-factor interventions, which are the basis of preventive cardiology. Future research efforts will determine the screening and intervention strategies that have the greatest effect on CHD prevention.

Legume consumption and CVD risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Keywords CVD Fibre Legumes Meta-analysis Mortality CVD represent the main causes of death globally, accounting for nearly one-third of all deaths worldwide (1) . Moreover, as life expectancy has improved in both developed and developing countries, the number of healthy years lost due to disability has been increasing consistently (2) .…”

“…Conclusions: Legume consumption was associated with lower risk of CVD. Legumes' intrinsic characteristics, because they are often part of an overall healthy diet, or because they are a substitute for unhealthy sources of protein may potentially explain the current findings.Keywords CVD Fibre Legumes Meta-analysis Mortality CVD represent the main causes of death globally, accounting for nearly one-third of all deaths worldwide (1) . Moreover, as life expectancy has improved in both developed and developing countries, the number of healthy years lost due to disability has been increasing consistently (2) .…”

Online Adaptive Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction Model

“…The main reason for the blockage formation is due to the buildup of plague in the walls of coronary arteries over the years. CHD events can be specified including stable and unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction and coronary death [2].…”

Geographic location as a modifiable cardiac risk factor

“…A 2014 review of cardiovascular epidemiology and prevention studies estimated 20-to 30-fold variations in rates of death for coronary heart disease between countries of low incidence, compared with countries of high incidence. 2 In the United States, an excess of potentially preventable deaths in nonmetropolitan areas has been observed, not only for cardiac disease but for the five leading causes of death (i.e., heart disease, cancer, respiratory disease, stroke and unintended injury), with the gap widening over time rather than decreasing. 6 Many of the leading causes of death share common risk factors.…”

“…1 Geography has been central to the development of knowledge and understanding of cardiovascular disease and risk factors, its pathophysiologic basis and development of effective strategies for clinical intervention. 2 Addressing regional variation is important to improve population-wide management of cardiovascular disease. But can geography be considered a modifiable variable?…”