Epidemiological study of human brucellosis among febrile patients in Erbil-Kurdistan region, Iraq

Almashhadany, Dhary Alewy; Zefenkey, Zean; Odhah, Mohammed Naji

doi:10.3855/jidc.15669

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…This effect may result from explicit variations in positive cut-off definitions or implicit differences in study populations and methodologies [ 69 ]. Such a phenomenon was evident for two of the evaluated Rose Bengal [ 25 , 52 ] tests and one IgG/IgM ELISA test [ 24 ] showed notably low specificity alongside high sensitivities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of human brucellosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Freire,

Machado de Assis,

Silva

et al. 2024

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Brucellosis, a widely spread zoonotic disease, poses significant diagnostic challenges due to its non-specific symptoms and underreporting. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective patient management and public health control. However, a comprehensive comparative review of available diagnostic tests is lacking. Methodology/Principal findings This systematic review addressed the following question: ‘What is the accuracy of the available tests to confirm human brucellosis?’ Two independent reviewers examined articles published up to January 2023. The review included original studies reporting symptomatic patients with brucellosis suspicion, through any index test, with sensitivity and/or specificity as outcomes. As exclusion criteria were considered: sample size smaller than 10 patients, studies focusing on complicated brucellosis, and those lacking essential information about index or comparator tests. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed, with consideration for the index test, and ‘culture’ and ‘culture and standard tube agglutination test (SAT)’ were used as reference standards. Bias assessment and certainty of evidence were carried out using the QUADAS-2 and GRADE tools, respectively. A total of 38 studies reporting diagnostic test performance for human brucellosis were included. However, the evidence available is limited, and significant variability was observed among studies. Regarding the reference test, culture and/or SAT are deemed more appropriate than culture alone. Rose Bengal, IgG/IgM ELISA, and PCR exhibited equally high performances, indicating superior overall diagnostic accuracy, with very low certainty of the evidence. Conclusions/Significance This systematic review underscores the potential of the Rose Bengal test, IgG/IgM ELISA, and PCR as promising diagnostic tools for brucellosis. However, the successful implementation and recommendations for their use should consider the local context and available resources. The findings highlight the pressing need for standardization, improved reporting, and ongoing advancements in test development to enhance the accuracy and accessibility of brucellosis diagnosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of human brucellosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Freire,

Machado de Assis,

Silva

et al. 2024

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…The most active measure is to prevent the acquisition of the disease by avoiding risk factors for T. gondii infection, particularly practice good hygiene. However, we can summarize the procedures (10.1 to 10.10) can significantly reduce the risk of toxoplasmosis [70][71][72][73][74][75].…”

Section: Prevention and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Significance of Human Toxoplasmosis

Alewy Almashhadany,

Aziz Jamil Alani,

Ahmed Dhiab

et al. 2024

Infectious Diseases

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Toxoplasmosis is a significant food-borne zoonotic disease that causes a wide range of clinical syndromes in humans, including pregnant women, immunosuppressed individuals, land and sea mammals, and various bird species. Felidae is the only definitive host that excretes a million oocysts of T. gondii in their feces, polluting the environment. T. gondii has a complex life cycle, with sexual reproduction occurring in cats, where oocysts are formed and excreted with feces. The meiosis of oocysts in the environment leads to the formation of sporozoites that are infectious to intermediate hosts, such as rodents and livestock animals. In these intermediate hosts, rapidly replicating tachyzoites are disseminated throughout the body, forming tissue cysts containing bradyzoites. Infected individuals become infected by ingesting oocysts from contaminated soil, water, or food. The transmission of toxoplasmosis is recognized as zoonotic transmission, with the primary route being through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, particularly undercooked or raw meat, and unwashed fruits and vegetables that have come into contact with the parasite’s oocysts. The signs and symptoms of toxoplasmosis can vary widely, with most healthy individuals having a normal immune system and mild symptoms resolving on their own.

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“…Although brucellosis in humans can affect people of any age, it most commonly affects men in their twenties and forties because of the more exposure to occupational risk [28].…”

Section: Clinical Features Of Human Brucellosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk Borne Brucellosis

Almashhadany¹,

Zefenkey²,

Hassannejad³

et al. 2023

Current Issues and Advances in the Dairy Industry

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Milk is full of nutrients, making it an ideal environment for several infectious diseases, that come at the forefront is brucellosis. The zoonotic disease brucellosis in humans is mostly ignored, and the annual number of human cases is commonly reported as 500,000. Consumption of tainted dairy products is the most common vector for the transmission of human Brucellosis. Confirmation of disease via culture is considered the gold standard, but is not always possible. Serological tests and molecular tests are alternative methods. The milk Ring Test is considered the method of choice for the surveillance of dairy herds. The control of risk factors and surveillance are the cornerstones of brucellosis prevention. Eliminating animal infections is the most effective preventative technique. Cattle, goats, and sheep vaccination are advised in enzootic regions with high prevalence rates. The main methods of preventing human infection are public education, food safety measures, occupational hygiene, and laboratory safety. The pasteurization of milk before it is consumed directly or used to make products like cheese is a crucial step in avoiding transmission from animals to people. Both education initiatives and laws prohibiting the sale of unpasteurized milk products can be successful.

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Epidemiological study of human brucellosis among febrile patients in Erbil-Kurdistan region, Iraq

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Diagnosis of human brucellosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Diagnosis of human brucellosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Public Health Significance of Human Toxoplasmosis

Milk Borne Brucellosis

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