Epidemiological Study of Post-Pandemic Pediatric Common Respiratory Pathogens using Multiplex Detection

Abstract

Background The burden and characteristics of respiratory viral infections in children hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) during the post-COVID-19 pandemic era are unclear. We analyzed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients hospitalized with common respiratory virus infections before and after relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions in Hangzhou, China and evaluated the diagnostic value of the six-panel respiratory pathogen detection system. Methods Six types of respiratory viruses were detected in respiratory samples from children with suspected ARTIs by multiplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Changes in virus detection rates and epidemiological and clinical characteristics, obtained from electronic health records, were analyzed. Binary logistic regression was used to identify respiratory tract infections risk factors. Multiplex RT-qPCR and targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) results were compared in random samples. Results Among the 11,056 pediatric samples, 3,228 tested positive for one or more of six common respiratory pathogens. RSV and PIV-3 detection rates differed significantly across age groups (both P < 0.001), and were more common in younger children. PIV-1 was more common in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers than in school-age children (P < 0.001). FluB was predominantly detected in school-age children (P < 0.001). RSV-, ADV-, and PIV-1-positivity rates were higher in 2022 than in 2023. Seasonal viral patterns differed across years. RSV (OR 9.760, 95%CI: 6.280–15.169) and PIV-3 (OR 1.842, 95%CI: 1.235–2.748) were risk factors for lower respiratory tract infections. RSV-positivity was associated with severe pneumonia (P = 0.044). PIV-3 (OR 0.386, 95%CI: 0.168–0.886), summer season (OR 2.036, 95CI: 1.548–2.689), and younger age (OR 0.953, 95%CI: 0.893–0.979) influenced pneumonia severity. Multiplex RT-qPCR showed good diagnostic performance. Conclusion After changes in COVID-19 prevention and control strategies, six common respiratory viruses in children were prevalent in 2022–2023, with different seasonal epidemic characteristics and age proclivities. RSV and PIV-3 cause lower, and fluA, fluB, and ADV more typically cause upper respiratory tract infections. Infancy and summer season influence severe pneumonia risk. Multiplex RT-qPCR is valuable for accurate and timely detection of respiratory viruses in children, which facilitates management, treatment, and prevention of ARTIs.