Epidemiological Study on Sand Flies in an Endemic Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Bushehr City, Southwestern Iran

Darvishi, Mohammad; Yaghoobi–Ershadi, Mohammad Reza; Shahbazi, Farideh; Akhavan, Amir Ahmad; Jafari, Reza; Soleimani, Hassan; Yaghoobi-Ershadi, Nastaran; Khajeian, Mohammad; Darabi, Hossein; Arandian, Mohammad Hossein

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00014

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple genotype infections may also occur in sand flies ultimately transmitted to vertebrate hosts; however, Leishmania detection in sand flies is not an easy task, and methods such as MLMT are not commonly employed. It is known that sand flies can present natural mixed infections by distinct Leishmania species [29,30], and experimental infections using L. major and L. turanica showed no sign of competition [31]. Recently, it was hypothesized that the particular composition of the sand fly fauna in one region in Italy may play a role in the selection of a particular L. infantum population that circulates in humans and vectors but not in dogs [32].…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of multiple genotype infection caused by Leishmania infantum in naturally infected dogs

et al. 2020

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Genetic polymorphisms in natural Leishmania populations have been reported in endemic areas. Microsatellite typing is a useful tool to elucidate the genetic variability of parasite strains, due to its capability for high-resolution mapping of genomic targets. The present study employed multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) to explore the genotypic composition of Leishmania infantum in naturally infected dogs by genotyping parasites infecting different tissues with or without in vitro expansion. Eighty-six samples were collected from 46 animals in an endemic region of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). MLMT was performed for 38 spleen samples and 48 L. infantum cultures isolated from different tissues. Of the 86 samples, 23 were effectively genotyped by MLMT, identifying nine multilocus genotypes (MLG; referred to as MLG A-I). MLGs A, B and C were detected in more than one type of tissue and in more than one sample. Conversely, MLG D-I were uniquely detected in one sample each. The results showed that multiple genotype infections occur within a single host and tissue. Paired sample analysis revealed the presence of different MLMT alleles in 14 dogs, while the same MLG allele was present in 15 animals. STRUCTURE analysis demonstrated the presence of two populations; 13 samples displayed a similar admixture of both ancestral populations, and these were not assigned to any population. Only samples for which Q � 0.70 after CLUMPP alignment were considered to be part of Population 1 (POP1) or Population 2 (POP2). POP2 comprised the majority of samples (n = 54) compared to POP1 (n = 19). This study presents evidence of multiple genotype infections (caused by L. infantum) in dogs in an area with high VL transmission. Further investigations must be undertaken to determine the effects of multiple infection on the host immune response and disease dynamics and treatment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of multiple genotype infection caused by Leishmania infantum in naturally infected dogs

et al. 2020

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“…This would imply either that flies frequently pick-up multiclonal infections from single mammal hosts, or that they frequently bite multiple infected hosts before transmitting an infection. A few studies have either investigated multiple isolates collected from individual hosts (Cupolillo et al 2020;Zackay et al 2018), or directly investigated the diversity of parasites in tissues (Domagalska et al 2019) or vectors (Parvizi et al 2010;Darvishi et al 2015) and find some evidence for polyclonal infections, but such reports seem to be rare. Similarly, individual sand flies biting more than two infected hosts seems unlikely to be very frequent when prevalence of Leishmania infections is not very high.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and within-host evolution of parasites from VL and VL/HIV patients in Northern Ethiopia

Franssen

Takele

Adem

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal disease and a growing public health problem in East Africa, where Ethiopia has one of the highest VL burdens. The largest focus of VL in Ethiopia is driven by high prevalence in migrant agricultural workers and associated with a high rate of co-infection with HIV. This co-infection makes VL more difficult to treat successfully, and is associated with a high rate of relapse, with VL/HIV patients frequently experiencing many relapses of VL before succumbing to this infection. We present genome-wide data on Leishmania donovani isolates from a longitudinal study of cohorts of VL and VL/HIV patients reporting to a single clinic in Ethiopia. Extensive clinical data allows us to investigate the influence of co-infection and relapse on the populations of parasites infecting these patients. We find that the same parasite population is responsible for both VL and VL/HIV infections, and that in most cases, disease relapse is caused by recrudescence of the population of parasites that caused primary VL. Complex, multi-clonal infections are present in both primary and relapse cases, but the infrapopulation of parasites within a patient loses genetic diversity between primary disease presentation and subsequent relapses, presumably due to a population bottleneck induced by treatment. These data suggest that VL/HIV relapses are not caused by genetically distinct parasite infections, nor by re-infection. Treatment of VL does not lead to sterile cure, and in VL/HIV the infecting parasites are able to re-establish after clinically successful treatment, leading to repeated relapse of VL.

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“…sintoni (22)(23)(24), and also L. major was detected in Ph. papatasi using molecular methods (25)(26)(27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging of Cutaneous Leishmaniais due to Leishmania major in a New Focus in Esfahan Province, Central Iran

Jafari

Abdoli

Arandian

et al. 2020

JAD

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Background: Esfahan Province is considered as one of the main focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Iran. Recently, ZCL distribution is expanding through this province leading to report of new cases in non-endemic areas. In the current study epidemiological aspects of ZCL has been investigated in Naein County in Esfahan Province. Methods: Adult sand flies were collected from beginning to the end of their seasonal activity. Rodents were caught by Sherman live traps once a month for one year. To active case detection, a hundred households in each selected village were visited in November and December 2016. Nested-PCR was employed to detect Leishmania parasite in the vector, reservoir and human. Results: Totally 1562 sand flies including Phlebotomus sergenti, Phlebotomus papatasi, Sergentomyia sintoni and Sergentomyia mervinae were collected and identified. No Leishmania infection was detected in the collected sand flies. All of the 30 collected rodents were identified as Rhombomys opimus, and of these 3.3% and 26.7% were infected by Leishmania major using microscopic and molecular technique respectively. Totally, 914 individuals were investigated and the ulcer and scar rates of ZCL calculated to be at 1.1 and 15.3 per 1000 population, respectively. Molecular results confirmed L. major infection in human and reservoir samples. Conclusion: It is concluded that ZCL is established in the area in low endemicity, and it is extrapolated the disease will not be a serious increasing health problem in the near future in this region.

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Epidemiological Study on Sand Flies in an Endemic Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Bushehr City, Southwestern Iran

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

Occurrence of multiple genotype infection caused by Leishmania infantum in naturally infected dogs

Occurrence of multiple genotype infection caused by Leishmania infantum in naturally infected dogs

Diversity and within-host evolution of parasites from VL and VL/HIV patients in Northern Ethiopia

Emerging of Cutaneous Leishmaniais due to Leishmania major in a New Focus in Esfahan Province, Central Iran

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