Epidemiological surveillance of bovine viral diarrhea and rift valley fever infections in camel

Abstract

Aim:This study was designed to investigate the current epidemiological situation of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and rift valley fever virus (RVFV) infection of camels originating from Sudan “smuggler” and Egypt as part of our future plan for a national surveillance program in Egyptian provinces, which will aid in establishment of control strategy for animal diseases.Materials and Methods:This investigation was accomplished using serological diagnostic and molecular biology techniques. A total number of 200 blood samples were collected from camel (120 originated from Sudan “smuggler” and 80 from local breed) and were subjected for testing both BVDV and RVFV occurrence with different age and sex.Results:Sixty-six of the 200 camels (33%) were positive for BVDV antibodies, and 44 (22%) for BVDV antigen (Ag), and 27 of the 200 camels (13.5%) were positive for RVFV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. On the other hand, the seroprevalence of BVDV for antibodies (47.5%), Ag (31.6%), and RVFV IgG antibodies (16.6%) was higher in camel originated from Sudan “smuggler” than of local breed which was 11.2% for BVDV antibodies and 7.5% for BVDV Ag, while it was 8.7% for RVFV IgG antibodies. The incidence of BVDV antibodies, Ag, and RVFV IgG antibodies was the highest in male, up to 9 years of age. The frequency of positive cases was significantly different according to the origin of samples and sex and age of camel for BVDV and RVFV. In addition, seven serologically positive samples for BVDV and five serologically positive samples for RVFV were submitted as a buffy coat for molecular detection by one-step – reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results demonstrated that three samples were positive for BVDV of camel originated from Sudan (smuggler), while no RVFV Ag was detected in all five samples. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the amplicons obtained from positive RT-PCR samples (three samples) indicated 100% nucleotide homology with Sudan strain 2015 except only one (missense point mutation) by substitution of A to T at position 345 that changed the coded amino acids from T (Threonine) to S (Serine) at residue 115.Conclusion:Camels act as risk animals for the introduction of many infectious diseases from Sudan to Egypt, especially transboundary animal diseases, so strict quarantine measures should be taken during importation of live animals from Sudan to prevent the spread of such diseases.

Risk-associated factors associated with the bovine viral diarrhea virus in dromedary camels, sheep, and goats in abattoir surveillance and semi-closed herd system

“…The virus was recently reported in many other wildlife animals, such as white-tailed deer, free-range deer, and captive angulates in a zoo [8,17,18]. Several BVDV infections were reported in dromedary camels from several African countries such as Sudan, Egypt, and Algeria [19][20][21]. This is in addition to other outbreaks reported in Asian countries such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, India, and Iran [12,22,23].…”

Contemporary epidemiological data of Rift Valley fever virus in humans, mosquitoes and other animal species in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Of the 388 eligible articles, 183 were excluded for multiple reasons described in Figure 1. Finally, a total of 205 articles (629 data on prevalence and/or CFR) met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review (Abakar et al., 2014; Abdallah et al., 2016; Adamu, 2020; Adamu et al., 2021; Adesiyun et al., 2020; Ahmed et al., 2018, 2020; Alhaji, 2020; Andayi et al., 2014; Andriamandimby et al., 2010; Andriamandimby et al., 2018; Aradaib et al., 2013; Archer et al., 2011, 2013; Atuman et al., 2022; Ayari‐Fakhfakh et al., 2011; Ba et al., 2012; Baudin et al., 2016; Beechler et al., 2015; van den Bergh et al., 2022; Bett et al., 2019; Bird et al., 2008; Bisimwa et al., 2016; Bloland et al., 2010; Blomstrom et al., 2016; Bob et al., 2017, 2022; Bonney et al., 2013; Bosworth et al., 2016; Boushab et al., 2015, 2016; Boussini et al., 2013, 2014; Breiman et al., 2010; Budasha et al., 2018; Budodo et al., 2020; Bukbuk et al., 2014; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007; Chambaro et al., 2022; Chengula et al., 2014; Chevalier et al., 2005, 2011; Cichon et al., 2021; Clements et al., 2019; Cook et al., 2017; Cosseddu et al., 2021; Di Nardo et al., 2014; Diallo et al., 2005; Dione et al., 2022; Dondona et al., 2016; Durand et al., 2003, 2020; Dutuze et al., 2020; Ebogo‐Belobo et al., 2022; Eckstein et al., 2022; El Bahgy et al., 2018; El Mamy et al., …”

Epidemiology of Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Egypt: A Systematic Review

“…Two studies on RVFV prevalence in camels before 2010 showed that RVFV was low in camels from Giza, even during the 1977 RVF epidemic [ 35 , 52 ]. However, in recent decades, camel seropositivity rates for RVFV antibodies in both the Nile Valley and Upper Egypt governorates were greater than 20% [ 9 , 53 ]. In addition, in a survey published in 2009, the seropositivity rate was 15.10% in pigs from Alexandria (northern Egypt) and 13.95% in humans who are in frequent contact with pigs [ 51 ].…”