Epidemiology and Disease Burden of Pathologic Myopia and Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review

Wong, Tien Yin; Ferreira, Alberto; Hughes, Rowena; Carter, Gemma; Mitchell, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2013.08.010

Cited by 586 publications

(459 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…5 OCT has revealed peculiar minute and subtle intraocular deformities in highly myopic eyes, which has not been clearly observed in histological studies or with other in vivo imaging modalities such as ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 6 It allows the analysis of spatial relationship between various layers at the posterior pole.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances of optical coherence tomography in myopia and pathologic myopia

Cheung

Luk

et al. 2016

Eye

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances of optical coherence tomography in myopia and pathologic myopia

Cheung

Luk

et al. 2016

Eye

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] It is characterized by excessive axial elongation of the eye, scleral thinning, posterior staphyloma, chorioretinal atrophy, and choroidal neovascularization. 6 The prevalence of MMD in East Asia is estimated to be 1.7% to 3.1%, 7,8 but because MMD also affects young and middle-aged working adults, 9,10 it carries a significant socioeconomic burden.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Choroidal or Scleral Thickness Related to Myopic Macular Degeneration?

Wong

Phua

Lee

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: Wong CW, Phua V, Lee SY, Wong TY, Cheung CMG. Is choroidal or scleral thickness related to myopic macular degeneration? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:907-913. DOI:10.1167/iovs.16-20742 PURPOSE. The relative contribution of mechanical and vascular factors to the pathogenesis of myopic macular degeneration (MMD) is unclear. To address this gap, we examined the association of choroidal thickness (CT) and scleral thickness (ST) with MMD.METHODS. Prospective, clinic-based case series of 62 eyes of 41 patients with high myopia ( À6 diopters or axial length ‡26.5 mm). Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) was performed to measure subfoveal CT and ST. Myopic macular degeneration was graded from fundus photographs according to the International Meta-Analysis for Pathologic Myopia (META-PM) classification. Presence of MMD was defined as META-PM category ‡ 2 and severe MMD was defined as category ‡ 3.RESULTS. The distribution of MMD severity was 15 (24.2%) in category 1, 28 (45.2%) in category 2, 10 (16.1%) in category 3, and 9 (14.5%) in category 4. Correlation of MMD severity was strong for subfoveal CT (r ¼ À0.70, P < 0.001) but weak for subfoveal ST (r ¼ À0.31, P ¼ 0.01). Subfoveal CT, but not ST, was independently associated with presence of MMD (age and gender adjusted odds ratio [OR] per 10 lm decrease in CT 1.41, P ¼ 0.002), and subfoveal CT, but not subfoveal ST, was significantly thinner in eyes with severe MMD ( ‡ category 3) than in eyes with mild MMD (CT: 31.5 6 40.5 lm versus 82.0 6 57.1 lm, P < 0.001; ST: 261.6 6 78.5 lm versus 297.0 6 73.8 lm, P ¼ 0.09). CONCLUSIONS.We demonstrated significant thinning of the choroid with increasing MMD severity. In contrast, ST was weakly correlated with MMD. These data suggest progressive loss of choroid may be important in the pathogenesis of MMD.

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“…1 Axial elongation, associated with progression of myopia, can lead to adverse mechanical stretching and thinning of the retina, resulting in retinal degenerative changes. 3 For decades, researchers studying myopia have searched for effective ways to slow its progression in children. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] In the last decade, a number of reports have been published on the effectiveness of orthokeratology (ortho-k) for myopia control in children.…”

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Protective Role of Orthokeratology in Reducing Risk of Rapid Axial Elongation: A Reanalysis of Data From the ROMIO and TO-SEE Studies

Cho

Cheung

2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: Cho P, Cheung S-W. Protective role of orthokeratology in reducing risk of rapid axial elongation: a reanalysis of data from the ROMIO and TO-SEE studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:141158: -141658: . DOI: 10.1167 PURPOSE. To determine the relative risk of rapid progression and number needed to treat (NNT) in younger and older children using combined data from the retardation of myopia in orthokeratology (ROMIO) and toric orthokeratology-slowing eye elongation (TO-SEE) studies.METHODS. Data from 136 subjects of two studies, ROMIO and TO-SEE, were retrieved (72 orthokeratology [ortho-k]: 37 ROMIO, 35 TO-SEE; 64 control: 41 ROMIO, 23 TO-SEE) and the myopia control effect on younger (6-8 years) and older (9-12 years) subjects evaluated. The rate of axial elongation was classified as not rapid (axial elongation ¼ <0.36 mm/year) or rapid (axial elongation >0.36 mm/year). RESULTS.Cumulative frequency curves showed that the younger subjects in the control group had the greatest and most rapid axial elongation at the end of 24 months. In the younger subjects, ortho-k lens wear significantly reduced the risk of rapid progression by 88.8% (P ¼ 0.002). The 2-year NNT for the younger ortho-k subgroup was 1.8, suggesting that treating just two younger subjects with ortho-k would prevent one subject from experiencing rapid progression over a 2-year period of treatment. The 2-year NNT for the older ortho-k subgroup was 11.8, which was statistically insignificant (P ¼ 0.197).CONCLUSIONS. Orthokeratology significantly reduced risk of rapid progression in younger subjects. Treating just two 6-to 8-year-old subjects with ortho-k instead of single-vision spectacles could prevent one subject from developing rapidly progressing axial elongation during this critical 2-year period.

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Epidemiology and Disease Burden of Pathologic Myopia and Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review

Cited by 586 publications

References 46 publications

Advances of optical coherence tomography in myopia and pathologic myopia

Advances of optical coherence tomography in myopia and pathologic myopia

Is Choroidal or Scleral Thickness Related to Myopic Macular Degeneration?

Protective Role of Orthokeratology in Reducing Risk of Rapid Axial Elongation: A Reanalysis of Data From the ROMIO and TO-SEE Studies

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