Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis

Abstract

Nephrolithiasis is a disease common in both the Western and non-Western world. Several population based studies have demonstrated a rising prevalence and incidence of the disease over the last several decades. Recurrence occurs frequently after an initial stone event. The influence of diet on the risk of nephrolithiasis is important, particularly dietary calcium and fluid intake. An increasing intake of dietary calcium and fluid are consistently associated with a reduced risk of incident nephrolithiasis in both men and women. Increasing evidence suggests that nephrolithiasis is associated with systemic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Nephrolithiasis places a significant burden on the health care system, which is likely to increase with time.

Harnessing Calcium‐Oxalate‐ (CaOx‐) Nanocrystal‐Induced Prodeath Autophagy for Attenuating Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cell Injury

“…Nephrolithiasis is a highly prevalent disease with the incidence of 2–20% in different countries or regions of the world . Calcium oxalate (CaOx) is the most common type of kidney stones, up to 75–90%, and the recurrence rate is approximately 50% within 10 years . The supersaturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation to crystals followed by direct adhesion on renal tubular epithelial cells is the general process of CaOx stones formation in the kidney, further leading to pain, urinary tract infections, chronic renal disease, and even loss of kidney function .…”

Updates in endourological management of urolithiasis

“…Urinary stone disease, or urolithiasis, is a very common disease in the urology field. The prevalence of urolithiasis had increased from 3.2% in 1976–1980 to 8.8% in 2007–2010 in the USA, similar trends were also found in different regions of the world . The increasing trends in the prevalence and incidence are believed to be due to the change in lifestyle and diet, and more sensitive imaging .…”

“…Regarding percutaneous nephrolithotomy and tract creation by puncture, there are several methods that have been introduced: through fluoroscopy in approximately 60-80%, and ultrasound in approximately 15-17%. [1][2][3] In fact, considering the high rate of complications such as hydrothorax, 4 the methods and approaches, for instance supracostal puncture or subcostal puncture, still has necessary debating for safe surgery. This is because the surgery of a benign disease comparatively may need to consider to have lower complication rates.…”

“…The increasing trends in the prevalence and incidence are believed to be due to the change in lifestyle and diet, and more sensitive imaging . Although urolithiasis is a benign disease, because of the increasing prevalence and incidence, it also causes an increase in burden on the healthcare costs, including: (i) direct costs from stone removal, metabolic evaluation and medical management; (ii) indirect costs from administration, maintenance and productivity loss; and (iii) re‐treatment cost …”

Combined (citrate and herbal) drug uriklar in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and metaphylaxis of urolithiasis

“…Кроме того, при множественных и крупных камнях более 20 мм, располагающих-ся в нижней группе чашек, имеющих плотность выше +900 HU, эффективность ДЛТ снижается в два раза [7][8][9]. В результате возникает необ-ходимость в повторных сеансах литотрипсии, вспомогательных (стентирование мочеточника, нефростомия) и дополнительных хирургических пособиях (уретеролитотрипсия и уретеролитоэк-стракция), которые увеличивают койко-день и ма-териальные затраты на лечение [10]. Становится очевидным, что непосредственно само дробление камня и отхождение его фрагментов предопреде-ляют клинический исход и формируют статус так называемого «состояния полного освобождения от камней», или же stone free rate.…”