Epidemiology and etiology of influenza-like-illness in households in Vietnam; it’s not all about the kids!

Nguyen, Diep N.; Quynh, Lê; Bryant, Juliet E.; Hằng, Nguyễn Lê Khánh; Hoa, Le Nguyen Minh; Nadjm, Behzad; Thai, Pham Quang; Dương, Trần Như; Anh, Đặng Đức; Horby, Peter; Doorn, H. Rogier van; Wertheim, Heiman; Fox, Annette

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2016.07.014

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Also, detection of the types of viruses and their relative frequency was similar to previous reports. The most common non‐influenza respiratory virus we detected was entero‐rhinovirus, consistent with other studies . In our study, the ratio of attack rates for vitamin D to placebo for entero‐rhinovirus, 0.83, represented the median effect for non‐influenza respiratory viruses, which ranged from 0.47 for human metapneumovirus to 1.17 for parainfluenza viruses 1‐3.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…This was based on adherence to testing, and we reasoned that an increase in the number of swabs would make up for any reduction in sensitivity. The attack rate for all respiratory viruses in our study was 35%, which is comparable to other studies that have used RT‐PCR to detect infection in children . A study in the same population in Vietnam reported similar attack rates as ours .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Effect of Vitamin D supplementation to reduce respiratory infections in children and adolescents in Vietnam: A randomized controlled trial

Loeb

Dang

Thiểm

et al. 2019

Influenza Resp Viruses

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Background It is uncertain whether vitamin D can reduce respiratory infection. Objective To determine whether vitamin D supplementation reduces influenza and other upper viral respiratory tract infections. Methods A total of 1300 healthy children and adolescents between the ages of 3 and 17 years were randomized to vitamin D (14 000 U weekly) or placebo for 8 months in Vietnam. The primary outcome was reverse transcriptase ( RT )‐ PCR –confirmed influenza infection, and the coprimary outcome was multiplex PCR –confirmed non‐influenza respiratory viruses. Participants, caregivers, and those assessing outcomes were blinded to group assignment. Results A total of 650 children and adolescents were randomly assigned to vitamin D and 650 to placebo. The mean baseline serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels were 65.7 nmol/L and 65.2 nmol/L in the intervention and placebo groups, respectively, with an increase to 91.8 nmol/L in the vitamin D group and no increase, 64.5 nmol/L, in the placebo group. All 1300 participants randomized contributed to the analysis. We observed RT ‐ PCR –confirmed influenza A or B occurred in 50 children (7.7%) in the vitamin D group and in 43 (6.6%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [ HR ]: 1.18, 95% CI : 0.79‐1.78). RT ‐ PCR –confirmed non‐influenza respiratory virus infection occurred in 146 (22.5%) in the vitamin D group and in 185 (28.5%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio [ HR ]: 0.76, 95% CI : 0.61‐0.94). When considering all respiratory viruses, including influenza, the effect of vitamin D in reducing infection was significant, HR : 0.81, 95% CI : 0.66‐0.99. Conclusion Vitamin D supplementation did not reduce the incidence of influenza but moderately reduced non‐influenza respiratory viral infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Effect of Vitamin D supplementation to reduce respiratory infections in children and adolescents in Vietnam: A randomized controlled trial

Loeb

Dang

Thiểm

et al. 2019

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…There are only few studies that have investigated non‐influenza respiratory viruses in SARI patients of Vietnam or in the South‐East Asia region . Some studies have examined non‐influenza viruses in select patient populations such as children, refugees, or hospitalized and non‐hospitalized patients with respiratory disease . Gaps still exist, however, in understanding which viruses cause SARI in Vietnam.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance beyond influenza: The process and data from 1 year of implementation in Vietnam

Alroy

Thuy²,

Tran

et al. 2018

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundIn 2016, as a component of the Global Health Security Agenda, the Vietnam Ministry of Health expanded its existing influenza sentinel surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) to include testing for 7 additional viral respiratory pathogens. This article describes the steps taken to implement expanded SARI surveillance in Vietnam and reports data from 1 year of expanded surveillance.MethodsThe process of expanding the suite of pathogens for routine testing by real‐time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (rRT‐PCR) included laboratory trainings, procurement/distribution of reagents, and strengthening and aligning SARI surveillance epidemiology practices at sentinel sites and regional institutes (RI).ResultsSurveillance data showed that of 4003 specimens tested by the RI laboratories, 20.2% (n = 810) were positive for influenza virus. Of the 3193 influenza‐negative specimens, 41.8% (n = 1337) were positive for at least 1 non‐influenza respiratory virus, of which 16.2% (n = 518), 13.4% (n = 428), and 9.6% (n = 308) tested positive for respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus, respectively.ConclusionsThe Government of Vietnam has demonstrated that expanding respiratory viral surveillance by strengthening and building upon an influenza platform is feasible, efficient, and practical.

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“…Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the predominant cause of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) referred to as the common cold 1– 4 . The virus has also been associated with lower respiratory tract illnesses, including exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 5, 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In household studies, family members experience rapid rates of reinfection (for instance, up to 5 infections in adults or 12 infections in young children per year) where each infection tends to be caused by a different HRV-type and rarely with the same HRV-type 4, 16, 17 . At a population level of observation, repeated reinfections in individuals appears to reflect the introduction and circulation of new types in the community, rather than persistence of the same HRV types 18– 21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human rhinovirus spatial-temporal epidemiology in rural coastal Kenya, 2015-2016, observed through outpatient surveillance

Morobe¹,

Nyiro²,

Brand³

et al. 2018

Wellcome Open Res

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Background: Human rhinovirus (HRV) is the predominant cause of upper respiratory tract infections, resulting in a significant public health burden. The virus circulates as many different types (~160), each generating strong homologous, but weak heterotypic, immunity. The influence of these features on transmission patterns of HRV in the community is understudied. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) at nine out-patient facilities across a Health and Demographic Surveillance System between December 2015 and November 2016. HRV was diagnosed by real-time RT-PCR, and the VP4/VP2 genomic region of the positive samples sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis was used to determine the HRV types. Classification models and G-test statistic were used to investigate HRV type spatial distribution. Demographic characteristics and clinical features of ARI were also compared. Results: Of 5,744 NPS samples collected, HRV was detected in 1057 (18.4%), of which 817 (77.3%) were successfully sequenced. HRV species A, B and C were identified in 360 (44.1%), 67 (8.2%) and 390 (47.7%) samples, respectively. In total, 87 types were determined: 39, 10 and 38 occurred within species A, B and C, respectively. HRV types presented heterogeneous temporal patterns of persistence. Spatially, identical types occurred over a wide distance at similar times, but there was statistically significant evidence for clustering of types between health facilities in close proximity or linked by major road networks. Conclusion: This study records a high prevalence of HRV in out-patient presentations exhibiting high type diversity. Patterns of occurrence suggest frequent and independent community invasion of different types. Temporal differences of persistence between types may reflect variation in type-specific population immunity. Spatial patterns suggest either rapid spread or multiple invasions of the same type, but evidence of similar types amongst close health facilities, or along road systems, indicate type partitioning structured by local spread.

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Epidemiology and etiology of influenza-like-illness in households in Vietnam; it’s not all about the kids!

Cited by 34 publications

References 29 publications

Effect of Vitamin D supplementation to reduce respiratory infections in children and adolescents in Vietnam: A randomized controlled trial

Effect of Vitamin D supplementation to reduce respiratory infections in children and adolescents in Vietnam: A randomized controlled trial

Expanding severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance beyond influenza: The process and data from 1 year of implementation in Vietnam

Human rhinovirus spatial-temporal epidemiology in rural coastal Kenya, 2015-2016, observed through outpatient surveillance

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