Epidemiology and Genetic Characterization of Noroviruses among Adults in an Endemic Setting, Peruvian Amazon Basin, 2004–2011

Ballard, Sarah-Blythe; Reaves, Erik J.; Luna, Campoverde; Silva, Maria Elena; Rocha, Claudio; Heitzinger, Kristen; Saito, Mayuko; Apaza, Sonia; Espetia, Susan; Blazes, David L.; Tilley, Drake H.; Aguilar, Rene C.Guzmán; Gilman, Robert H.; Bausch, Daniel G.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131646

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…In this study also, NoV GII was detected in 1.0 % cases in contrast to the 0.3 % prevalence of NoV GI. However, it is very interesting to note that the prevalence of NoV in the region is exceptionally low unlike majority of studies from India and other counties which reports NoV as a very prominent diarrheagenic pathogen in both epidemic and sporadic cases [3,18,39]. This indicates the low circulation of NoV in the region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in diarrheal diseases in Himachal Pradesh, India

et al. 2016

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Diarrheal diseases are responsible for a significant proportion of mortality and morbidity all around the globe. The contribution of viruses to gastroenteritis incidences in humans is well established. In the present study, we have studied the prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in Himachal Pradesh, a north Indian state. A total of 287 (111 children and 176 adults) stool samples of gastroenteritis patients were screened for the viruses using RT-PCR method. 34.5 % samples were positive for the viral pathogens of gastroenteritis. Rotavirus was the predominant virus detected in the study with 49.5 and 14.8 % positivity in children and adults, respectively. Enterovirus was present in 5.6 % cases whereas norovirus had least prevalence (1.4 %). Co infection (rotavirus and enterovirus) was witnessed at the prevalence rate of 0.6 %. Among different age groups, the prevalence of studied viruses was highest in the children belonging to the age groups of \5 years. Rotavirus infections were found to be significantly associated with vomiting and trend of higher rates of fever and dehydration was seen in children along with diarrhea. Seasonal distribution shows circulation of diarrheagenic viruses throughout the year. This is the first report of prevalence of various diarrheagenic viruses circulating in this region. The outcome of the study from this cohort provides a baseline data which can be used to design the preventive strategies in the otherwise unexplored state of Himachal Pradesh.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in diarrheal diseases in Himachal Pradesh, India

et al. 2016

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“…Given TD's mission aborting potential for military troops,43 in whom incapacitation could pose a further threat to life,33,42 recommendations to military members operating in this geographic area should take NV-associated risks into account.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case–Case Analysis Using 7 Years of Travelers' Diarrhea Surveillance Data: Preventive and Travel Medicine Applications in Cusco, Peru

Jennings¹,

Tilley²,

Ballard³

et al. 2017

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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In Cusco, Peru, and South America in general, there is a dearth of travelers' diarrhea (TD) data concerning the clinical features associated with enteropathogen-specific infections and destination-specific risk behaviors. Understanding these factors would allow travel medicine providers to tailor interventions to patients' risk profiles and travel destination. To characterize TD etiology, evaluate region-specific TD risk factors, and examine relationships between preventive recommendations and risk-taking behaviors among medium- to long-term travelers' from high-income countries, we conducted this case–case analysis using 7 years of prospective surveillance data from adult travelers' presenting with TD to a physician in Cusco. At the time of enrollment, participants provided a stool sample and answered survey questions about demographics, risk behaviors, and the clinical features of illness. Stool samples were tested for norovirus (NV), bacteria, and parasites using conventional methods. Data obtained were then analyzed using case–case methods. NV (14%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (11%), and Campylobacter (9%), notably ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter, were the most frequently identified pathogens among adults with TD. Coinfection with multiple enteropathogens occurred in 5% of cases. NV caused severe disease relative to other TD-associated pathogens identified, confining over 90% of infected individuals to bed. Destination-specific risk factors include consumption of the local beverage “chicha,” which was associated with Cryptosporidium infection. Preventive interventions, such as vaccines, directed against these pathogens could significantly reduce the burden of TD.

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“…We conducted a pilot study using a customized TD TaqMan Array Card (TAC) to assess the feasibility of using archived diarrheal specimens, of varying time periods, focusing on four TD pathogens: enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC), Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Norovirus. Two Department of Defense (DoD) fecal repositories of adult TD cases, tested using standard microbiologic methods at the time of sample collection, were utilized for the study [7,8] We evaluated the Positive Percent Agreement (PPA) and Negative Percent Agreement (NPA) of TAC for detecting TD pathogens in archived fecal specimens, using results from previous microbiologic testing as the 'benchmark', the impact of storage duration and use of FTA cards on TAC sensitivity. Approximately 65 positive stool specimens per pathogen for ETEC, Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Norovirus (based on an estimated PPA and NPA of 80% for the TAC assay and precision of 10%) and 30 samples negative for all pathogens, were requested.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Characteristics of the TaqMan Array PCR on Repository Stool Specimens and Smears on Whatman® FTA Elute Cards

Tisdale¹,

Mitra²,

McCoy³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Objective Stool repositories are a valuable resource for retrospective analyses including quantitative PCR assays to distinguish between asymptomatic shedding and clinical disease. The suitability of archival specimens for this purpose is unclear and requires assessment. We conducted a pilot study to evaluate pathogen detection by TaqMan Array Card (TAC) in travelers’ diarrhea (TD) stool specimens stored for 1–13 years, as well as, the impact of transporting specimens on Whatman FTA Elute cards (FTA Cards) on detection. Results The positive percent agreement (PPA) for TAC on stool vs. microbiologic testing was lower than our a priori PPA estimate of 80% for most pathogens: Shigella spp. (100% [95%CI: 69–100%]), enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC) (63 [49–75%]), Campylobacter spp. (66 [43–85%]) and Norovirus (37 [16–61%]). Use of the FTA card resulted in a further reduction of PPA. Our findings suggest that archival specimens may lead to insensitive detection on quantitative PCR assays due to degradation of nucleic acid with prolonged storage, although our limited sample size precluded us from evaluating the impact of storage duration on nucleic acid yield. Additional studies are needed to understand the impact of storage duration on quantitative PCR data.

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Epidemiology and Genetic Characterization of Noroviruses among Adults in an Endemic Setting, Peruvian Amazon Basin, 2004–2011

Cited by 14 publications

References 29 publications

Prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in diarrheal diseases in Himachal Pradesh, India

Prevalence of rotavirus, norovirus and enterovirus in diarrheal diseases in Himachal Pradesh, India

Case–Case Analysis Using 7 Years of Travelers' Diarrhea Surveillance Data: Preventive and Travel Medicine Applications in Cusco, Peru

Performance Characteristics of the TaqMan Array PCR on Repository Stool Specimens and Smears on Whatman® FTA Elute Cards

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