Epidemiology and Genetic Variability of HHV-8/KSHV among Rural Populations and Kaposi’s Sarcoma Patients in Gabon, Central Africa. Review of the Geographical Distribution of HHV-8 K1 Genotypes in Africa

Mamimandjiami, Antony Idam; Mouinga‐Ondémé, Augustin; Ramassamy, Jill‐Léa; Djuicy, Delia Doreen; Afonso, Philippe V.; Mahé, A.; Lékana-Douki, Jean-Bernard; Cassar, Olivier; Gessain, Antoine

doi:10.3390/v13020175

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…Subtypes with the lowest prevalence such as E1, E2 and B1 were from patients living in Spain but born in Cuba, Romania and Mexico, respectively: These subtypes have been described to be widespread in Africa and South/Central America [14]. To our knowledge this is the first case reported in Europe of genotype E. Subtypes E1 and E2 have been previously described in Amerindians [25] and it was also reported in a Cuban study [26]. Consequently, it was consistent that our E1 strain (P95) and those of the Cuban study were found in the same cluster as it has been shown in Fig 1A and 1B.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Risk factors associated with KS prevalence and other HHV8-related diseases were age and an immunocompromised status caused by drugs, the host’s genetic factors, viral infections like HIV [ 27 ] and parasite infections like malaria [ 28 ]. Studies from Uganda and Gabon found an association between malaria transmission and HHV-8 prevalence [ 25 ]. In this sense, further studies are needed to stablish this association in ancient malaria endemic areas from the South of Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology of Kaposi sarcoma virus in Spain

Gómez

Pérez-Vázquez²,

Tarragó³

2022

PLoS ONE

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Background Since human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection may be underestimated and HHV-8 subtype circulation in Spain remains unknown, a molecular epidemiologic study is highly desirable. Objectives This study aimed to analyse HHV-8 subtype diversity and their distribution in Spain. Study design The study included 142 HHV-8 infected patients. A nested PCR was developed in order to permit Sanger sequencing of HHV-8 K1 ORF directly from clinical samples received at the CNM from 2013 to 2021. Phylogenetic characterization was performed. Results Genotypes A and C comprised 55.6% and 42.3% of strains. Regarding subtypes, 25.4% of strains were C3, 19.7% were A3, 14.1% were A5, and C2, A1, A4, C1, A2, C7 were 11.3%, 11.3%, 8.5%, 4.2%, 2.1% and 1.4%, respectively. Subtype E1, E2 and B1 were found in only one patient each (0.7%). The Madrid region accounted for 52.1% of patients and showed a significantly different subtype distribution compared to the others (P = 0.018). Subtypes B1, E1, and E2 were observed to appear sporadically, although overall genotypes A and subtype C3 remained the most frequent and unwavering. Subtype A3 presented the highest diversity as displayed by the highest number of clusters in phylogenetic analysis. Non-significant differences in viral loads between genotypes were found, but significantly higher viral loads in subtype C2 compared to subtype C3 was found, while no significant subtype differences were observed between subtypes within genotype A. Infections with HHV-8 were detected in 94 (66.2%) patients without KS and compared to patients with KS non-significant differences in subtype distribution were found. Conclusions Subtype prevalence and regional distribution followed a similar pattern compared to other western European countries. Our study is the first to report HHV-8 subtypes E1 and E2 circulating in Europe that might be reflective of migration of population from Caribbean countries. Our study suggests that infection by HHV-8 is underestimated, and wider screening should be recommended for risk groups.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of Kaposi sarcoma virus in Spain

Gómez

Pérez-Vázquez²,

Tarragó³

2022

PLoS ONE

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“…Second, subclades in subtypes A–E could not be identified in this protocol, which could be of special interest for molecular epidemiology studies carried out in sub‐Saharan Africa where subtype A5 is predominant (Mamimandjiami et al . 2021) and associated with more extensive disease in AIDS patients (Isaacs et al . 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple and rapid approach for human herpesvirus type 8 subtype characterization using single base extension

Hulaniuk

Corach

Trinks

et al. 2021

Lett Appl Microbiol

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Sequence analysis of the ORFK1 of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV‐8) allows the identification of six major subtypes (A–F), which are related to human migrations and the clinical progression of Kaposi's sarcoma. Sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of ORFK1 is considered to be the most reliable method for HHV‐8 genotyping. However, it exhibits challenges and limitations. Herein, we designed and validated a single base extension (SBE) protocol for characterization of HHV‐8 ORFK1 subtypes. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was carried out to amplify a small 294‐bp PCR product encompassing four single nucleotide polymorphisms at positions 360, 406, 465 and 527 of the HHV‐8 genome. Finally, a multiplex SBE technique was developed and validated in 20 samples previously genotyped by phylogenetic analysis. The patterns obtained in this reaction could successfully discriminate between ORFK1 subtypes. The typing results obtained completely matched with those of the ‘gold standard’ method in all analysed samples. This method can reliably identify HHV‐8 subtypes A, B and C, which are the most prevalent ones worldwide, and the remaining subtypes (D, E and F). SBE can be useful as an efficient, rapid and low‐cost screening method for viral genotyping in a single tube, particularly samples with low‐quality DNA, and with easy data interpretation.

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“…For now, the diversity of KSHV is mainly related to the origin of the patients; subtypes A and C are found worldwide and particularly in North America, Western Europe, the Mediterranean basin and Asia [ 112 , 113 , 114 ]. The variant A5, on the contrary, was first, and is mainly, reported in Africa, as is the subtype B [ 115 , 116 ]. The subtype D is described in the Pacific Island and Taiwan [ 117 ]; the subtype E is in Native Americans in Brazil [ 118 , 119 ]; the subtype F is in a few individuals in Uganda (variant F1) [ 120 ] and, more recently, in Caucasian MSM living in France (variant F2) [ 121 ]; finally, the subtype Z is described in a small cohort of children in Zambia [ 122 ] ( Figure 4 ).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, the Etiological Agent of All Epidemiological Forms of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Jary

Veyri

Gothland

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is an oncogenic virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. The viral particle is composed of a double-stranded DNA harboring 90 open reading frames, incorporated in an icosahedral capsid and enveloped. The viral cycle is divided in the following two states: a short lytic phase, and a latency phase that leads to a persistent infection in target cells and the expression of a small number of genes, including LANA-1, v-FLIP and v-cyclin. The seroprevalence and risk factors of infection differ around the world, and saliva seems to play a major role in viral transmission. KSHV is found in all epidemiological forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma including classic, endemic, iatrogenic, epidemic and non-epidemic forms. In a Kaposi’s sarcoma lesion, KSHV is mainly in a latent state; however, a small proportion of viral particles (<5%) are in a replicative state and are reported to be potentially involved in the proliferation of neighboring cells, suggesting they have crucial roles in the process of tumorigenesis. KSHV encodes oncogenic proteins (LANA-1, v-FLIP, v-cyclin, v-GPCR, v-IL6, v-CCL, v-MIP, v-IRF, etc.) that can modulate cellular pathways in order to induce the characteristics found in all cancer, including the inhibition of apoptosis, cells’ proliferation stimulation, angiogenesis, inflammation and immune escape, and, therefore, are involved in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma.

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Epidemiology and Genetic Variability of HHV-8/KSHV among Rural Populations and Kaposi’s Sarcoma Patients in Gabon, Central Africa. Review of the Geographical Distribution of HHV-8 K1 Genotypes in Africa

Cited by 12 publications

References 73 publications

Molecular epidemiology of Kaposi sarcoma virus in Spain

Molecular epidemiology of Kaposi sarcoma virus in Spain

A simple and rapid approach for human herpesvirus type 8 subtype characterization using single base extension

Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, the Etiological Agent of All Epidemiological Forms of Kaposi’s Sarcoma

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