Epidemiology and prevention of oral cancer

Vecchia, Carlo La; Tavani, Alessandra; Franceschi, Silvia; Levi, Fabio; Corrao, Giulia; Negri, Eva

doi:10.1016/s1368-8375(97)00029-8

Cited by 378 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…21,22 Thus, the finding that whole grain and other plant foods are inversely related to the incidence of upper aerodigestive cancer suggests many possible avenues for research into cancer mechanisms. As in other studies, [23][24][25][26][27] we found that cigarette smoking was strongly positively associated with upper aerodigestive tract cancers. In our study, alcohol use was positively associated with upper aerodigestive cancers but lost statistical significance after adjustment for age, smoking and dietary factors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Kasum

Jacobs

Nicodemus

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Cancer

112

103

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We examined the association between whole-grain intake and incident upper aerodigestive tract cancer in a cohort of 34,651 postmenopausal, initially cancer-free women. We also studied established risk factors for upper aerodigestive cancers, including fruit and vegetable intake, smoking and alcohol intake. A mailed questionnaire at baseline in 1986 included a food-frequency questionnaire and assessment of other cancer risk factors. During the 14-year follow-up period, 169 Studies that have considered the role of dietary factors with regard to cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract have generally reported inverse associations with intake of fruit and vegetables, 1-7 and whole grains. 8,9 Several studies support the idea that wholegrain intake is associated with reduced risk of gastric cancers. 10 Studies that included grain fiber as a predictor 11,12 further bolster the idea that whole grain may protect against upper aerodigestive tract cancers. Previous studies of upper aerodigestive cancers have been case-control in design and, therefore, potentially subject to recall bias.The mechanism of the apparent protective effect of fruits, vegetables and whole grains against upper aerodigestive cancers remains unclear. It may be a result of their fiber content, antioxidant content or some other phytochemicals. Clarification of the protective mechanisms of fruits, vegetables and whole grains is important to our understanding of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract. In an analysis of the Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS), a prospective cohort study of initially 55-to 69-year old women living in Iowa, Zheng et al. 13 reported lower dietary intake of yellow/orange vegetables and of carotene, vitamins C and E and retinol in the 59 women who developed upper digestive tract cancers between 1986 and 1992.Our primary focus was to study whether, after 14 years of follow-up in the IWHS, whole-grain intake is related to reduced risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers. At the same time, we reviewed evidence for the established lifestyle risk factors: low fruit and vegetable intake, smoking and alcohol intake. To address potential mechanisms, we considered the roles of fiber and specific micronutrients in the risk of upper digestive tract neoplasms. MATERIAL AND METHODSA detailed description of the methodology of the IWHS has been published elsewhere. 14 Briefly, participants in the IWHS were a random sample of women aged 55-69 years from the 1985 Iowa driver's license list. A total of 41,836 women responded to a mail survey in January 1986 (42.7% response rate). Using information from the driver's license list and the 1980 U.S. census, it was determined that responders were about 3 months older than nonresponders, 0.4 kg/m 2 lighter and slightly more likely to live in rural, less affluent counties. Nonresponders had somewhat higher rates of smoking-related diseases. 14 Women were excluded from the analysis if they left 30 or more items blank on the foodfrequency questionnaire or reported implausibly high or low energy intak...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…This is in contrast to previous observations, which have suggested that alcohol is a risk factor for oral and pharyngeal cancers. 27 However, alcohol intake was extremely low in these Iowa women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Kasum

Jacobs

Nicodemus

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Cancer

112

103

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] Many of the compounds in the tobacco smoke are carcinogenic, but, in contrast, the tumour-promoting effects of alcohol drinking has so far been less well defined. Acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, has been shown to be carcinogenic in animals and there exists strong evidence of its carcinogenic action also in man.…”

Section: Abstract: Acetaldehyde; L-cysteine; Upper Digestive Tract; mentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of acetaldehyde from saliva by a slow‐release buccal tablet of L‐cysteine

Salaspuro

Hietala

Kaihovaara

et al. 2001

Intl Journal of Cancer

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High alcohol intake is an independent risk factor for upper gastrointestinal (GI)-tract cancers. There is increasing evidence that acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, might be responsible for ethanol-associated carcinogenesis. Especially among Asian heavy drinkers with the ALDH2-deficiency gene, i.e., a genetic inability to remove acetaldehyde, the risk of digestive tract cancers is markedly increased. Local acetaldehyde production from ethanol either by oral microbes, mucosal cells or salivary glands is a plausible carcinogenic agent in the saliva. The aim of our study was to examine whether is it possible to bind carcinogenic acetaldehyde from saliva with L-cysteine, which is slowly released from a special buccal tablet. Nine healthy male volunteers took part in our study, and each subject served as his own control. A placebo or L-cysteine-containing tablet was fastened under the upper lip. Thereafter the volunteers ingested 0.8 g/kg of body weight of 10% (v/v) ethanol, and saliva samples were collected at 20 min intervals for 320 min. Salivary acetaldehyde and ethanol levels were analysed by headspace gas chromatography. The mean reduction of acetaldehyde concentration of the saliva with the L-cysteine tablet compared to placebo was 59% (CL 95% 43%, 76%). Area under the curve (AUC 0 -320min ) with the L-cysteine and placebo tablet were 54.3 ؎ 11 M ؋ hr and 162 ؎ 34.2 M ؋ hr (mean ؎ SEM), respectively (p ‫؍‬ 0.003). After alcohol intake, up to two-thirds of carcinogenic acetaldehyde can be removed from saliva with a slow-releasing buccal L-cysteine drug formulation. Thus, a buccal cysteine tablet could potentially be used to prevent upper GI-tract cancers, especially among high-risk individuals. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: acetaldehyde; L-cysteine; upper digestive tract; carcinogenesisAlcohol intake and tobacco smoking are the most important independent risk factors for upper digestive tract cancers. [1][2][3][4][5] Many of the compounds in the tobacco smoke are carcinogenic, but, in contrast, the tumour-promoting effects of alcohol drinking has so far been less well defined. Acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, has been shown to be carcinogenic in animals and there exists strong evidence of its carcinogenic action also in man. 6,7 Asian heavy drinkers with a genetically deficient aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) enzyme do show a markedly increased risk for GI-tract cancers. 8 Our recent findings demonstrate that Asians with this mutant ALDH2 have 2-3 times higher salivary acetaldehyde levels after a moderate dose of ethanol than Asians with the normal ALDH2 enzyme. 7 When this observation is combined with the earlier epidemiologic data, our results provide strong evidence for the local carcinogenic action of acetaldehyde produced from alcohol in the saliva by either oral microbes or in the salivary glands.After absorption, ethanol is evenly distributed to the waterphase of the body, and ethanol concentration in the saliva equals that of the blood. 9 In addition to the tissue alcohol ...

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“…At lower risk of most cancers, they have increased risks of oral and pharyngeal cancers relative to the general British population (Winter et al, 1999). Variations in the risk of cancers are strongly related to the prevalence of chewing of tobacco, areca nut and betel quid in developing countries (Lay et al, 1982;Ikeda et al, 1995;Gupta and Nadakumar, 2000) and of tobacco smoking and high alcohol consumption in developed countries (Blot et al, 1988;La Vecchia et al, 1997;Hindle et al, 2000a, b). Ethnic differences in the incidence of these cancers are little studied in Britain, mainly because of the lack of reliable ethnicity data in cancer registries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral and pharyngeal cancer in South Asians and non-South Asians in relation to socioeconomic deprivation in South East England

et al. 2008

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From UK Thames Cancer Registry data, after controlling for socioeconomic deprivation of area of residence, South Asian males showed a higher relative risk of oral (1.36; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.67), but not of pharyngeal cancer than non-South Asian males, whereas South Asian females had much higher risks of these cancers (3.67; 95% CI: 2.97, 4.53 and 2.06; 95% CI: 1.44, 2.93), respectively, than non-South Asians.

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Epidemiology and prevention of oral cancer

Cited by 378 publications

References 60 publications

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Removal of acetaldehyde from saliva by a slow‐release buccal tablet of L‐cysteine

Oral and pharyngeal cancer in South Asians and non-South Asians in relation to socioeconomic deprivation in South East England

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