Epidemiology, antibiotic resistance trends and the cost of enteric fever in East London, 2005–2010

Reddy, Srinivasulu; Rangaiah, Jayakeerthi; Addiman, S.; Wareham, David W.; Wilson, Peter; Sefton, Armine

doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.03.003

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These observations are similar to previously published studies (Bhan et al 2005). It has been reported that VFRs are at increased risk of acquiring severe travel-related infections as they are less likely to seek pretravel advice and adhere to recommended precautions (Reddy et al 2011). All tourists and VFRs stayed in endemic countries for period longer than 14 days; in 71.4 % of travellers, the duration of stay was more than 28 days.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Despite the fact that the difference did not achieve the level of statistical significance, it is in accordance with previously published results (Hassing et al 2013). Currently, recommended treatment options include the thirdgeneration cephalosporin or azithromycin in less severe cases, due to the frequent clinical failures of fluoroquinolones (Reddy et al 2011). One strain isolated in a female visiting her relatives in Angola fulfilled the criteria of multiresistance; however, it was fully susceptible to ciprofloxacin.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Enteric fever imported to the Czech Republic: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility

et al. 2014

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The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of imported enteric fever in Czech travellers and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated strains. Retrospective descriptive study included adult patients treated with enteric fever at Hospital Na Bulovce during January 2004-December 2012. A case of typhoid or paratyphoid fever was defined as isolation of Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi from blood or stool. During the study period, there have been diagnosed 19 cases of enteric fever (12 males and 7 females) with age median of 30 years; 14 cases were caused by Salmonella Typhi and 5 cases by S. Paratyphi A. The infection has been acquired in South Asia (16 patients; 84.2 %), in Africa (Egypt, Angola) in two cases (10.5 %), and in Mexico (1; 5.3 %). Symptoms included fever (all patients), diarrhoea (16 cases; 84.2 %), headache (9; 47.4 %), and abdominal pain (7; 36.8 %). Seventeen patients (89.5 %) were treated with fluoroquinolones; however, the treatment failure was observed in seven of them (41.2 %). Decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility was detected in eight strains (66.7 %), and one strain (8.3 %) was multidrug resistant. Sequence analysis of quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of the gyrA gene revealed the presence of amino acid substitutions in all tested isolates with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers represent epidemiologically important diseases that may lead to potentially life-threatening complications. Major issue in the management of enteric fever represents the non-susceptibility of Salmonella strains to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobials.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Enteric fever imported to the Czech Republic: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility

et al. 2014

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“…Typhoid fever and gastroenteritis are the principal clinical syndromes associated with Salmonella . Typhoid occurs in various parts of the world like Asia, South America, Middle East, Zimbabwe, India, Florida, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, Nigeria and many more [2, 3]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the therapeutic effect of propolis along with standard antibacterial drug in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infected BALB/c mice

Kalia

Kumar

Harjai

2016

BMC Complement Altern Med

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BackgroundAntibiotic resistance is an emerging public health problem. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has described antibiotic resistance as one of the world’s most pressing health problems in 21st century. WHO rated antibiotic resistance as “one of the three greatest threats to human health”. One important strategy employed to overcome this resistance is the use of combination of drugs. Many plants, natural extracts have been shown to exhibit synergistic response with standard drugs against microorganisms. The present study focused on the antibacterial potential of propolis in combination with the standard antibiotic Cefixime against the typhoid causing bacteria i.e. Salmonella.MethodsEthanolic extract of propolis was taken for the present work. For the experiment BALB/c mice were taken as animal model and divided into ten groups. Along with normal and infected control groups, four different combinations of cefixime and propolis were used. Biochemical, hematological and histopathological indices were studied by following the standard protocols.ResultsIn BALB/c mice, Salmonella causes severe biochemical, hematological and histopathological alterations by 5th day of infection. Ethanolic extract of propolis at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight of mice when used alone to treat Salmonella infection in mice gave significant results by 30th day of treatment. Similarly, when cefixime (4 mg/kg body weight of mice) was used to treat infection in mice, significant results as compared to infected control were observed after 5th day. But when propolis and cefixime were used together in different concentrations in combination therapy, evident results were observed after 5 days of treatment. The levels of various liver and kidney function enzymes, blood indices and the histopathology of liver, spleen and kidney were restored to near normal after 5 days of treatment and at much lower doses as compared to the effective dose when used alone.ConclusionThe study confirmed that significant results were observed in three combinations of cefixime and propolis as compared to infected controls. Propolis acted synergistically with cefixime and enhanced the efficacy of antibiotic and reduced its effective dose in combined therapy.

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“…Treatment recommendations include fluoroquinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin) and third-generation cephalosporins (eg, ceftriaxone), so the recent emergence of strains with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolone agents is concerning. Infection with these strains increases the cost and complexity of treatment [20, 21]. …”

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confidence: 99%

Changing Patterns in Enteric Fever Incidence and Increasing Antibiotic Resistance of Enteric Fever Isolates in the United States, 2008–2012

et al. 2016

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Background Enteric fever in the United States has been primarily associated with travel and with worrisome changes in global patterns of antimicrobial resistance. We present the first comprehensive report of National Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever Surveillance System (NTPFS) data for a 5-year period (2008–2012). Methods We reviewed data on laboratory-confirmed cases reported to NTPFS, and related antimicrobial susceptibility results of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A isolates sent for testing by participating public health laboratories to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System laboratory. Results During 2008–2012, 2341 enteric fever cases were reported, 80% typhoid and 20% paratyphoid A. The proportion caused by paratyphoid A increased from 16% (2008) to 22% (2012). Foreign travel within 30 days preceding illness onset was reported by 1961 (86%) patients (86% typhoid and 92% paratyphoid A). Travel to southern Asia was common (82% for typhoid, 97% for paratyphoid A). Among 1091 (58%) typhoid and 262 (56%) paratyphoid A isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, the proportion resistant to nalidixic acid (NAL-R) increased from 2008 to 2012 (Typhi, 60% to 68%; Paratyphi A, 91% to 94%). Almost all NAL-R isolates were resistant or showed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to at least ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (multidrug resistant [MDR]) was limited to Typhi isolates, primarily acquired in southern Asia (13%). Most MDR isolates were also NAL-R. Conclusions Enteric fever in the United States is primarily associated with travel to southern Asia, and increasing resistance is adding to treatment challenges. A bivalent typhoid and paratyphoid vaccine is needed.

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Epidemiology, antibiotic resistance trends and the cost of enteric fever in East London, 2005–2010

Cited by 17 publications

References 10 publications

Enteric fever imported to the Czech Republic: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility

Enteric fever imported to the Czech Republic: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility

Studies on the therapeutic effect of propolis along with standard antibacterial drug in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infected BALB/c mice

Changing Patterns in Enteric Fever Incidence and Increasing Antibiotic Resistance of Enteric Fever Isolates in the United States, 2008–2012

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